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2/1/2014 What is it Interrelationships Between Organisms Date: ______________ Ecosystems • Ecosystem: community (all organisms in a given area) and the abiotic factors (non-living) that affect them – Abiotic factors: water, soil, climate – What would be some biotic factors? Interactions • Organisms in an ecosystem CONSTANTLY interact. • These interactions create stability in ecosystems. • What are the types of interactions? – Predation – Competition – Symbiosis • What is an ecosystem? • How do organisms rely on each other, even if they are members of different species? • What are predators? Prey? • What is a niche? • What is competition? What makes an ecosystem stable • Stable ecosystems have… –Population numbers of each organism fluctuate at a predictable rate –Supply of resources in the physical environment fluctuates at a predictable rate –Energy flows through the ecosystem at a fairly constant rate over time Predation • Predation: interaction between species in which one species (PREDATOR) eats the other (PREY) –Regulates population and causes it to become stable –Fluctuations are predictable • At some point, the prey population grows so numerous, they are easy to find 1 2/1/2014 A typical predator-prey relationship… • As the prey population increases, predator population increases. • As the predator population increases, the prey population decreases. Competition • Competition: relationship that occurs when 2+ organisms need the same resource at the same time – It can be between members of the SAME or DIFFERENT species – Usually occurs with organisms that share the same niche • Niche: role of an organism in its environment, including the food it eats, how it obtains that food, and how it interacts with other organisms • 2 species with identical ecological niches cannot exist in the same habitat • Competition usually results in a decrease in the population of a species less adapted to compete for a particular resource Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism • Symbiotic relationship: two different species live together in direct contact – Balance of the ecosystem is adapted to this relationship – If the population of either species becomes unbalanced, populations of both will fluctuate in an uncharacteristic manner • Types – Parasitism – Mutualism – Commensalism • What is it? One organism (parasite) benefits while the other (host) is harmed. • Parasite generally does not kill the host – a good parasite only uses the host for its needs. Parasitism Examples Mutualism • • • • • Mistletoe Lice Bacteria Tapeworms Heartworms – If a parasite does kill the host, it can have a negative affect on the parasite. The parasite needs to have a living host long enough for the parasite to reproduce and spread. • Parasite can live ON or IN the host. • What is it? Both organisms benefit. • Both organisms work closely together and help each other survive 2 2/1/2014 Mutualism Examples • Bacteria that live in the digestive tracts of termites – help the termites digest wood • Plant roots that provide food for fungi that break down nutrients the plant needs Commensalism • What is it? One organism BENEFITS while the other is NOT AFFECTED. • Difficult to determine – how do we know whether the other organism is harmed or helped? Commensalism Examples • Barnacles that attach to whales are dispersed to different environments where they can obtain food and reproduce. • Burdock seeds that attach to organisms and are carried to locations where they can germinate. 3