Download Phylogeny: systems of putting organisms into

Vertebrate Zoology
Unit 1: Introduction to Zoology
Phylogeny: systems of putting organisms into groups or subgroups (taxons)
Cladistics: a phylogeny that uses evolutionary branching patterns
Phylogenic Terms: Developed by Carl Linnaeus
-Used morphology (based on structure)
-Put things together in organized groups
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Kingdom: *Animalia (sub group of Chordata)*, Plantae, Archea bacteria, bacteria, Fungi,
Protista
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Nomenclature: Underlined or italics
Genus species
Prokaryotes:
Monera—no membrane bound organelles, aerobic (no oxygen)
Animalia Characteristics
1. Level of Organization: cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
2. Types of systems: nervous, digestive, excretory, circulatory etc.
3. Cephalization: development of a head end
4. Number of germ layers
5. Presence of coelom (body cavity that separates guts from body wall)
6. Symmetry: radial or bilateral
Phylogenic Tree: (phylum)
Portista→Porifera→Cnidaria→Platyherminthes→Nemotoda→Mollusca→Analida→Arthopoda
→Echinodermata →Chordata
Protista:
-single-cell organisms
-Eukaryotes
Porifera:
EX: sponge
-not quite multi-cellular
-has pores to absorb nutrients (currents bring nutrients and expels waste)
-no true tissues
Cnidaria
EX: hydra, sea jelly, anemone, coral
-has two layers of cells (tissues—endoderm and ectoderm)
-gastrovascular cavity for digestion and circulation
Platyhelminthes
EX: flatworm, planaria, tapeworm, liverflukes
-three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)
-bilateral symmetry
-cephalization (head)
-development of nervous system
Ex: nerve ladder in planaria
-ganglia (brain)
-digestive system (blind sacs)
Food enters and wastes leaves through the mouth
Nemotoda
Ex: unsegmented worms (roundworms)
-head end (nervous system and brain)
-one way digestive system
-pseudo-coelom
Mollusca
Ex: snails, oysters, octopus
-open circulatory system
-coelomates (has coelom)
Analida
Ex: earthworm
-segmented
Arthopoda: “joint legged”
Ex: insects, crustaceans, arachnids
-exoskeleton
-paired appendages
Echinodermata: “spiny skinned”
Ex: sea star, sea urchin
-radial symmetry (in 5’s)
Chordata: notochord present at sometime in lime
-has dorsal nerve chord
-blood flow in posterior direction in dorsal
-gill clefts
-endoskeletons
-post-anal tail
Phylum Tree
Invertebrate Chordata → Vertebrae column→ agnatha → jaw→ cartilage→ bony skeleton
→ tetrapodia (4 legs) and lungs → amphibia→ amniotic egg (land egg w/ amnion, yolk sac,
allantois, chorion, shell), birds and reptiles → mammals (uterus fur)
Non-Vertebrate Chordata
Hemichordata: EX: acorn worm
Urchorda Ex: sea squirt
Cephalochorda EX: amphioxus
Agnatha: jawless fish
-lamperey and hagfish
Chondricthys: sting rays, sharks
-Vertebrates
-Cartilage shoulder
Osteothys: fish
-bony skeleton