Download Chapter 13 Viruses

Chapter 13 Viruses
Provide a named example of a virus that has an envelope. Describe the composition of
the viral envelope. When and where are viral envelopes acquired? Provide a named
example of a virus that has spikes and describe the role of the spikes of a virus. What
factor primarily determines the host range for a particular virus?
List the different methods that can be used to grow animal viruses in a laboratory.
Construct a table in which you provide examples of each of the following types of
viruses: enveloped and non-enveloped DNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped
RNA viruses, a retrovirus.
What is a phage? What is a prophage? Diagram and explain the basic difference
between the lytic cycle of phage multiplication and the lysogenic cycle.
Describe how a nontoxic strains of Vibrio cholerae can become toxic when they are in
the human intestine with toxic strains of bacteria.
Explain the difference between +RNA and –RNA viruses. Which enzyme do most RNA viruses carry with them inside their capsids, and why? Provide examples of both
type of virus.
Diagram and label the structures of simple polyhedral and complex virus particles.
Provide named examples of each type of virus.
How does the biosynthesis of the retroviridae differ from that of other viruses?
What is a provirus? Provide an example of a latent viral infection.
Chapter 18 Applied Immunology [528-534]
Provide examples of the following types of vaccines; attenuated whole agent,
inactivated whole-agent, subunit, conjugated, and toxoid vaccines.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of vaccines;
attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole-agent, subunit, conjugated, and toxoid
vaccines.
How do subunit vaccines differ from traditional vaccines?
What are toxoid vaccines and what do they protect you against? Which three diseases
does the infant DTaP vaccine protect children against?
Chapter 14 Epidemiology
Using your own words provide definitions for the following terms; epidemiology
etiology, pathology, infection, and disease.
What are fomites? And provide a description of the role of a fomite in the transmission
of a specific disease.
Where are your normal microbiota located? Provide an example of how your own
microbiota protects you against potential pathogens. What are probiotics? Provide an
example of a probiotic product.
Explain the difference between signs of a disease and symptoms of a disease. During a
case of influenza identify the signs and symptoms that you would experience.
Provide definitions for the terms communicable and non-communicable. Provide
examples of communicable and non communicable bacterial diseases.
Explain the difference between the incidence of a disease and the prevalence of a
disease.
Provide definitions of the following terms; endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and sporadic.
Use examples of named disease to explain the difference between an endemic disease,
and an epidemic disease.
Use examples to explain the difference between an inapparent infection, acute
infection, a latent disease, a subacute disease, and a chronic disease.
Provide definitions of the following terms; sepsis, septicemia, toxemia, bacteremia, and
viremia.
Diagram and describe the five stages of a disease.
What is a reservoir of infection? Provide named examples of diseases that have (a)
human (b) animal and, (c)two non living reservoirs that allow them to be transmitted
to humans periodically. What term is used to describe a disease that is transmitted from
animals to humans?
Describe the role of a fomite in the transmission of a Gastrointestinal virus (Stomach
flu), at a day care center. What can be done to limit the spread of infections diseases by
fomites?
Explain the difference between droplet transmission and airborne transmission.
Provide examples of diseases
What are the three vehicles of transmission? Provide named examples of diseases
spread by each vehicle of transmission.
What are vectors of disease transmission? Explain the difference between biological
and mechanical transmission. Provide two examples of vectors and the diseases they
spread.
What is a nosocomial Infection? What factors contribute to the transmission of
nosocomial infections. Provide an example of a nosocomial infection.
Chapter 15 Pathenogenicity
What are the common portals of entry for microbial pathogens? Provide an example of a
disease that enters the human body through each of the different portals of entry. Which
of the portals of entry for microbial pathogens is the most frequently used during
infections?
What is ID50 and what is LD50?
Through which portal of entry is Bacillus anthracis most virulent?
Which organism is responsible for Toxic Shock Syndrome? Describe the epidemiology
of Toxic Shock Syndrome (when it first appeared, who did it affect, number of cases,
mode of transmission), and the pathology of Toxic Shock Syndrome (virulence factors,
affects on host)
Distinguish between the following terms; toxin, toxigenicity, toxoid, toxemia and
antitoxin.
Provide named examples of the three different types of bacterial exotoxin, and their
effects on the host. Provide named examples of bacteria that produce each different type
of exotoxin.
Construct a table in which you contrast bacterial endotoxins and bacterial exotoxins in
terms of: metabolic product, chemistry, pyrogenic response, effect of antitoxin, and LD50.
Describe the pyrogenic response to an endotoxin.
Explain how the use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection can lead to septic shock.
Chapter 16 Innate Immunity
What is non specific (innate) immunity?
Describe five mechanical, physical and chemical factors that contribute to the
effectiveness of skin as a barrier to pathogens.
What is lysozyme, where is it produced, and what effect does it have on bacteria?
Compare the activities of the five different leukocytes.
Name and describe the four signs and symptoms of inflammation. Describe the sequence
of steps that occur during the inflammatory response the site of a skin puncture such as a
cut.
What is the complement system? Describe how the complement system is activated, and
describe the three different outcomes of activation of the complement system, (not the
pathways).
Describe the role of interferons in the body’s defense.
Describe 5 nonspecific host defenses that protect the mucosal surfaces and the blood
stream from pathogenic invasion.