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(Continued from Vidhya Page 9-12-2009) B. Sailaja Ashok Hyd I – ZOOLOGY – THE BASICS 7. CLASSIFICATION; • Systems of classification are artifical and natural classifications. • Aristotle and Linnaeus followed artifical classification based on grouping “like with like” before understanding evolution. • Natural systems of classification is based on the natural relationships. It includes phenotypic and phylogenetic classifications. • Phenotypic classifications is based on operational Taxonomic units (OTC). Here species are defined by phenotypic traits and phylogeny is not considered. • Phylogenetic classification is based on common ancestry Analogous and Homologous characters are followed in this classification. • Ernst Haeckel introduced the method of representing phylogeny by means of trees or branching arms. 7. SPECIES CONCEPT; • Species is the basic unit of classification • Species is a group of similar organisms sharing a common genepool and reproductively isolated from the individuals of other species • Some times closely related species of a genus can interbreed,but they generally gives rise to strile offspring • Initial step during evolution of new species is geographical isolation which is followed by reproductive isolation • So species is dynamic unit of members,which show assortative mating. • This dynamic nature of species became more popular with Darwin’s publication “The origin of species” • Dobzhansky has proposed species as Mendelian populations which are groups of sexually reproducing individuals of a species with in which mating takes place. SUBSPECIES: • Aspecies may include subspices. • Subspecies is a gegrapically isolated population of a species in a process of continuous adaption to their surroundings theyshow minor variations from the parent population • But they are capable of interbreeding with the individuals of other subspecies and parent species. • Subspecies are probably new species in making. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIVING WORLD: • Different classifications of living world are • 1)Two kingdom classification-Linnaeus • 2)Three kingdom classification-Haeckel • 3)Four kingdom classification –Copeland • 4)Five kingdom Classifiation:Whittaker • Five kingdom classification of R.H.Whittaker is based on 3 main criteria.THye are cell structure ,Complexity of body and nutrition. • The five kingdoms of R.H.Whittaker are • 1)Kingdom monera:Unicellular,solitary and colonial prokarytes. • 2)Kingdom protista; Unicellular,solitary and colonial Eukaryotes • 3)Kingdom fungi; Haploid and dikaryotic cells,multicellular generally saprobic,without cilia and Eukaryotic flagella • 4)Kingdom plantae; mostly autotrophic,retaining embryo with in female sex organ on parent plant • 5)Kingdom Animalia; Multicellular heterotrophs,without cell walls and with out photosynthetic pigments.They form diploid blastula CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA: • Kingdom Animalia is divided into two subkingdoms based on the organization of cells into tissues. 1)Subkingdom Parozoa-Phylum porifera 2)Subkingdom Eumetozea • Subkingdom eumetazoa is divided into two grades based on symmetry ,number of primary germ layers. 1)Grade radiata (or) Diploblastica – phylum Cnidaria 2)Grade Bilateria (or)Triploblastica • 3)Grade Bilateria is divided into two divisions based on fate of blastopore 1)Division Protostomia 2)Division Deuterostomia • 4)Division Protostomia is divided into subdivisions based on body cavities 1)Subdivision Acoelomata –Phylum platyhelminthes 2)Subdivision Pseudocoelomata-Phylum Nemotoda 3)Subdivision Schizocoelomata-Phyla Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca. • 5)Division Deuterostromia include one subdivision that is Enterocoelomata • 1)Enterocoelomata includes Echinodermata and Chrodata PREVIOUS EAMCET QUESTIONS: 4)The ultimate unit in Trinomial nomenclature is 1)Order 2)Subspecies 3)Species 4)Genus Ans:2 [Eamcet-01] 5)Statemet-S:Species are groups of potentially interbreeding natural population that are isolated from other such group. Reason-R:Reproductive isolation brings about distinctive morphological characters. 1)Both S and R are true and R is the correct explanation of S 2)Only S is true and R is false 3)Both S and R are not true 4)Both S and R are true but R is not the correct explanation to the S Ans:4 [EAMCET 2005] Note: 1. Distinctive morophological characters are brought about by geographical isolation but not reproductive isolation.However reproductive isolation is observed among the different species PRATICE BITS 1. 2. 3. The study of inheritance of characters from one generation to the next is called 1. Eugenics 2. Genetics 3. Euphenics 4. Evolution Match the following A. Grade I. Hominoidea B. Super class II. Deuterostomia C. Sub order III. Bilateria D. Division IV. Gnathostomata V. Anthropoidea A B C D 1. III IV V I 2. I III IV V 3. III IV II I 4. III IV V II The following are the different taxonomical levels concerned to man. Arrange them in correct sequence from the lower taxon to the higher one A. Eumetazoa B. Primates C. Vertebrata D. Hominidae E. Eutheria 1. D-E-B-C-A 2. D-B-E-A-C 3. D-B-E-C-A 4. A-C-E- B-A 4. Dobzhansky introduced the concept of 1. Systematic hierarchy 2.Species 3.Mendelian population 4.Law of priority In which edition of his book ‘SystemaNaturae ` Linnaeus has popularised the 5. binomial nomenclature 1.20th 2. 10th 3. 15th 4. 1st 6. Study of the nature of biomolecules and their interaction in organisms is called 1. Biotechnology 2. Molecular Biology 3. Bioenergetics 4. Genetics 7. The study of events that lead to fertilization, cleavage, growth of zygote into an embryo is called 1. Microanatomy 2. Developmental Biology 3. Physiology 4. Anatomy 8 The study of microscopic structure of different tissues is called 1.Embryology 2.Cytology 3.Microanatomy 4.Physiology 9. The study of form , size , shape, colour and structure of various organism and their tissues , organs, organ systems etc is called 1)morphology 2)cellbiology 3)physiology 4)Embryology 10. The theory and practice of identification nomenclature and classification of organisms is called 1.)Morphology 2.)Ecology 3.)Taxonomy 4.)Histology 11. The basic unit of classification is 1) subspecies 2) Order 3) Species 4) Genus 3) IV II III I 4) IV III II I 12. The contribution of Darwin to the field of science 1) Inheritance 2) Natural selection 3) Nomenclature 4) Natural history 13. Eukaryotic unicellular organisms are included under the kingdom is 1) Protista 2) Monera 3) Plantae 4) Animalia 14. The type of organisms included under kingdom animalia 1) Multicellular decomposers 2) Multicellular heterotrophs 3) Multicellular autotrophs 4) Unicellular eukaryotes 15. 16. 17. 18. Match the following and choose the correct answer List-I List-II A. Cytology I. Study of microscopic structure of tissues B. Physiology II. Study of cells and cell organells C. Histology III. Study of internal arrangement of organs D. Anatomy IV. Study of body functions A B C D 1) II IV III I 2) II IV I III 3) IV II III I 4) III IV I II Mule is produced by the crossing between 1) Male horse X Female donkey 2) Female horse X Male donkey 3) Male donkey X Female donkey 4) Female horse X Male horse Father of British Natural History is 1) John Ray 2) Linnaeus 3) Buffon 4) Aristotle The system of classification based upon operational taxonomic units 1) Phenetic classification 2) Cladistic classification 3) Phylogenetic classification 4) Artificial classification 19. The scientist, who introduced the method of representing phylogeny by means of trees or branching diagrams 1) Linuaeus 2) Haeckel 3) Aristotle 4) John Ray 20. Identify the wrong pair from the following 1. Panthera leo - lion 2. Panthera tigris - tiger 3. Panthera pardus - leopard 4. Felis leo - spotted deer 1 6 11 16 2 2 3 2 2 7 12 17 4 2 2 1 3 8 13 18 3 3 1 1 4 9 14 19 3 1 2 2 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 4