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(Continued from Vidhya Page 9-12-2009)
B. Sailaja Ashok
Hyd
I – ZOOLOGY – THE BASICS
7. CLASSIFICATION;
• Systems of classification are artifical and natural
classifications.
• Aristotle and Linnaeus followed artifical classification based
on grouping “like with like” before understanding evolution.
• Natural systems of classification is based on the natural
relationships. It includes phenotypic and phylogenetic
classifications.
• Phenotypic classifications is based on operational Taxonomic
units (OTC). Here species are defined by phenotypic traits
and phylogeny is not considered.
• Phylogenetic classification is based on common ancestry
Analogous and Homologous characters are followed in this
classification.
• Ernst Haeckel introduced the method of representing
phylogeny by means of trees or branching arms.
7. SPECIES CONCEPT;
• Species is the basic unit of classification
• Species is a group of similar organisms sharing a common
genepool and reproductively isolated from the individuals of
other species
• Some times closely related species of a genus can
interbreed,but they generally gives rise to strile offspring
• Initial step during evolution of new species is geographical
isolation which is followed by reproductive isolation
• So species is dynamic unit of members,which show assortative
mating.
• This dynamic nature of species became more popular with
Darwin’s publication “The origin of species”
• Dobzhansky has proposed species as Mendelian populations
which are groups of sexually reproducing individuals of a
species with in which mating takes place.
SUBSPECIES:
• Aspecies may include subspices.
• Subspecies is a gegrapically isolated population of a species in
a process of continuous adaption to their surroundings
theyshow minor variations from the parent population
• But they are capable of interbreeding with the individuals of
other subspecies and parent species.
• Subspecies are probably new species in making.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIVING WORLD:
• Different classifications of living world are
• 1)Two kingdom classification-Linnaeus
• 2)Three kingdom classification-Haeckel
• 3)Four kingdom classification –Copeland
• 4)Five kingdom Classifiation:Whittaker
• Five kingdom classification of R.H.Whittaker is based on 3
main criteria.THye are cell structure ,Complexity of body and
nutrition.
• The five kingdoms of R.H.Whittaker are
• 1)Kingdom monera:Unicellular,solitary and colonial
prokarytes.
• 2)Kingdom protista; Unicellular,solitary and colonial
Eukaryotes
• 3)Kingdom fungi; Haploid and dikaryotic cells,multicellular
generally saprobic,without cilia and Eukaryotic flagella
• 4)Kingdom plantae; mostly autotrophic,retaining embryo with
in female sex organ on parent plant
• 5)Kingdom Animalia; Multicellular heterotrophs,without cell
walls and with out photosynthetic pigments.They form diploid
blastula
CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA:
• Kingdom Animalia is divided into two subkingdoms based on
the organization of cells into tissues.
1)Subkingdom Parozoa-Phylum porifera
2)Subkingdom Eumetozea
• Subkingdom eumetazoa is divided into two grades based on
symmetry ,number of primary germ layers.
1)Grade radiata (or) Diploblastica – phylum Cnidaria
2)Grade Bilateria (or)Triploblastica
• 3)Grade Bilateria is divided into two divisions based on fate of
blastopore
1)Division Protostomia
2)Division Deuterostomia
• 4)Division Protostomia is divided into subdivisions based on
body cavities
1)Subdivision Acoelomata –Phylum platyhelminthes
2)Subdivision Pseudocoelomata-Phylum Nemotoda
3)Subdivision Schizocoelomata-Phyla Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca.
• 5)Division Deuterostromia include one subdivision that is
Enterocoelomata
• 1)Enterocoelomata includes Echinodermata and Chrodata
PREVIOUS EAMCET QUESTIONS:
4)The ultimate unit in Trinomial nomenclature is
1)Order
2)Subspecies
3)Species
4)Genus
Ans:2
[Eamcet-01]
5)Statemet-S:Species are groups of potentially interbreeding
natural population that are isolated from other such group.
Reason-R:Reproductive isolation brings about distinctive
morphological characters.
1)Both S and R are true and R is the correct explanation of S
2)Only S is true and R is false
3)Both S and R are not true
4)Both S and R are true but R is not the correct explanation to
the S
Ans:4
[EAMCET 2005]
Note:
1. Distinctive morophological characters are brought about by
geographical isolation but not reproductive isolation.However
reproductive isolation is observed among the different species
PRATICE BITS
1.
2.
3.
The study of inheritance of characters from one generation to the next is called
1. Eugenics
2. Genetics
3. Euphenics
4. Evolution
Match the following
A. Grade
I. Hominoidea
B. Super class
II. Deuterostomia
C. Sub order
III. Bilateria
D. Division
IV. Gnathostomata
V. Anthropoidea
A
B
C
D
1.
III
IV
V
I
2.
I
III
IV
V
3.
III
IV
II
I
4.
III
IV
V
II
The following are the different taxonomical levels concerned to man. Arrange
them in correct sequence from the lower taxon to the higher one
A. Eumetazoa
B. Primates
C. Vertebrata
D. Hominidae
E. Eutheria
1. D-E-B-C-A
2. D-B-E-A-C
3. D-B-E-C-A
4. A-C-E-
B-A
4.
Dobzhansky introduced the concept of
1. Systematic hierarchy 2.Species 3.Mendelian population 4.Law of priority
In which edition of his book ‘SystemaNaturae ` Linnaeus has popularised the
5.
binomial nomenclature
1.20th
2. 10th
3. 15th
4. 1st
6.
Study of the nature of biomolecules and their interaction in organisms is called
1. Biotechnology 2. Molecular Biology 3. Bioenergetics 4. Genetics
7.
The study of events that lead to fertilization, cleavage, growth of zygote into an
embryo is called
1. Microanatomy
2. Developmental Biology
3. Physiology
4. Anatomy
8
The study of microscopic structure of different tissues is called
1.Embryology
2.Cytology
3.Microanatomy
4.Physiology
9.
The study of form , size , shape, colour and structure of various organism and
their tissues ,
organs, organ systems etc is called
1)morphology
2)cellbiology
3)physiology
4)Embryology
10. The theory and practice of identification nomenclature and classification of
organisms is called
1.)Morphology
2.)Ecology
3.)Taxonomy
4.)Histology
11.
The basic unit of classification is
1) subspecies
2) Order
3) Species
4) Genus
3)
IV II
III I
4)
IV III II
I
12. The contribution of Darwin to the field of science
1) Inheritance
2) Natural selection
3) Nomenclature 4) Natural
history
13. Eukaryotic unicellular organisms are included under the kingdom is
1) Protista
2) Monera
3) Plantae
4) Animalia
14. The type of organisms included under kingdom animalia
1) Multicellular decomposers
2) Multicellular heterotrophs
3) Multicellular autotrophs
4) Unicellular eukaryotes
15.
16.
17.
18.
Match the following and choose the correct answer
List-I
List-II
A. Cytology
I. Study of microscopic structure of tissues
B. Physiology
II. Study of cells and cell organells
C. Histology
III. Study of internal arrangement of organs
D. Anatomy
IV. Study of body functions
A
B
C
D
1)
II
IV III I
2)
II
IV I
III
3)
IV II
III I
4)
III IV I
II
Mule is produced by the crossing between
1) Male horse X Female donkey
2) Female horse X Male donkey
3) Male donkey X Female donkey
4) Female horse X Male horse
Father of British Natural History is
1) John Ray
2) Linnaeus
3) Buffon
4) Aristotle
The system of classification based upon operational taxonomic units
1) Phenetic classification
2) Cladistic classification
3) Phylogenetic classification 4) Artificial classification
19. The scientist, who introduced the method of representing phylogeny by means of
trees or
branching diagrams
1) Linuaeus
2) Haeckel
3) Aristotle
4) John Ray
20. Identify the wrong pair from the following
1. Panthera leo - lion
2. Panthera tigris - tiger
3. Panthera pardus - leopard
4. Felis leo - spotted deer
1
6
11
16
2
2
3
2
2
7
12
17
4
2
2
1
3
8
13
18
3
3
1
1
4
9
14
19
3
1
2
2
5
10
15
20
2
3
4
4