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Chapter 01 Lecture Outline* Eric P. Widmaier Boston University Hershel Raff Medical College of Wisconsin Kevin T. Strang University of Wisconsin - Madison *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 廖 瑞 銘 博士 國立政治大學 心理系特聘教授 心智大腦與學習研究中心主任 神經科學研究所所長 專長:行為神經科學、心理藥理學 研究興趣:心智與行為的神經基礎 目前研究題目(計畫): 酬賞動機及情緒的神經行為機制 大腦多巴胺dopamine的行為功能 Science, Science, Humanity, Humanity, and and Life Life Innovation. Innovation. The Institute of Neuroscience at NCCU 政大 神經科學研究所 賴桂珍 博士 cellular and molecular approaches to study issues from neural plasticity to learning and memory • Physiology: the study of how living organism work – anatomy – pharmacology • pathophysiology • physiogenomics – physiology + molecular biology • ___________________________________ Relevant courses in NCCU: Physiological psychology, Psychopharmacology Introduction of life science, Neurobiology Chapter 1 Homeostasis: A framework for human physiology 1. Cells, the fundamental units of life, exchange nutrients and wastes with their surroundings: The intracellular fluid is “conditioned by”… the interstitial fluid, which is “conditioned by” … the plasma, which is “conditioned by” … the organ systems it passes through. Chapter 1 Homeostasis: A framework for human physiology 2. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic mechanisms that detect and respond to deviations in physiological variables from their “set point” values by initiating effector responses that restore the variables to the optimal physiological range. Figure 1-1 Table 1-1, on page 5 in the text, outlines the structural components and functions of the major organ systems in the body. Figure 1-2 ICF ISF plasma organs internal environment external environment Exchange and communication are key concepts for understanding physiological homeostasis. Figure 1-3 Blood glucose levels increase after eating. Levels return to their set point via homeostasis. This is an example of dynamic constancy. Levels change over short periods of time, but remain relatively constant over long periods of time. Figure 1-4 Interpret the arrows in textbook’s flow charts as “leads to” or “causes.” (e.g., decreased room temperature causes increased heat loss from the body, which leads to a decrease in body temperature, etc.) Figure 1-5 “Active product” controls the sequence of chemical reactions by inhibiting the sequence’s rate-limiting enzyme, “Enzyme A.” A strategy for exploring homeostasis (see Tables 1-2 & 1-3) • Identify the internal environmental variable. example: concentration of glucose in the blood • Establish the “set point” value for that variable. example: 70 to 110 mg glucose/dL of blood • Identify the inputs and outputs affecting the variable. example: diet and energy metabolism A strategy for exploring homeostasis (see Tables 1-2 & 1-3) • Examine the balance between the inputs and outputs. example: resting versus exercising • Determine how the body monitors/senses the variable. example: certain endocrine cells in the pancreas “sense” changes in glucose levels • Identify effectors that restore the variable to its set point. example: a hormone that increases glucose synthesis by the liver Many homeostatic mechanisms utilize neural communication. Figure 1-6 Afferent and efferent pathways in temperature homeostasis. Figure 1-7 Communication systems use signals that bind to receptors. Neural- or endocrine- Communication signals in three categories: Endocrine: signal reaches often-distant targets after transport in blood. Paracrine: signal reaches neighboring cells via the ISF. Autocrine: signal affects the cell that synthesized the signal. Figure 1-8: intercellular chemical messengers A given signal can fit into all 3 categories: (e.g., the steroid hormone cortisol affects the very cells in which it is made, the nearby cells that produce other hormones, and many distant targets, including muscles and liver.) Multi-factorial control of signal release adds more complexity. neuropeptide Processes related to homeostasis • adaptation: to favor the subject’s survival in specific environment – with flexibility: adaptation Æ acclimatization – developmental acclimatization: in early life with the critical period – 高山人的紅血球帶氧比較高、「水世界」的耳後鰓 • biological rhythms – ~24 hr: circadian rhythm Figure 1-9: circadian rhythms on 4 physiological variables A full analysis of the hormone cortisol requires not only knowledge of the signals that cause its synthesis and secretion but also consideration of biological rhythms. asleep asleep What is the physiological mechanisms behind circadian rhythm? • Internal drives – those 4 variables • External factors – environmental time cues • phase-shift experiment • examples in our life: jet lag, night shift • Neural basis of body rhythms: the pacemaker – pineal gland & melatonin Figure 1-10: balance of a chemical substance Some of the potential inputs and outputs that can affect the “pool” of a material (like glucose) that is a dynamically regulated physiological variable. Figure 1-11 Sodium homeostasis: Consuming greater amounts of dietary sodium initiates a set of dynamic responses that include greater excretion of sodium in the urine. Though not shown here, the amount excreted would likely exceed the amount ingested until the “set point” is restored. Summary of the homeostasis • a complex, dynamic process that regulates the adaptive responses of the body to changes in the internal and external environment. • requiring the balance between inputs and outputs – feedback mechanisms • an learning/plastic role of integrator Before we stop…… one more slide, next ! Exercise does body/brain good !