Download Chapter 01 Lecture Outline

Chapter 01
Lecture Outline*
Eric P. Widmaier
Boston University
Hershel Raff
Medical College of Wisconsin
Kevin T. Strang
University of Wisconsin - Madison
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廖 瑞 銘
博士
國立政治大學
心理系特聘教授
心智大腦與學習研究中心主任
神經科學研究所所長
專長:行為神經科學、心理藥理學
研究興趣:心智與行為的神經基礎
目前研究題目(計畫):
酬賞動機及情緒的神經行為機制
大腦多巴胺dopamine的行為功能
Science,
Science, Humanity,
Humanity, and
and Life
Life Innovation.
Innovation.
The Institute of Neuroscience at NCCU
政大
神經科學研究所
賴桂珍
博士
cellular and molecular approaches to study issues from neural plasticity
to learning and memory
• Physiology: the study of how living
organism work
– anatomy
– pharmacology
• pathophysiology
• physiogenomics
– physiology + molecular biology
• ___________________________________
Relevant courses in NCCU:
Physiological psychology, Psychopharmacology
Introduction of life science, Neurobiology
Chapter 1 Homeostasis:
A framework for human physiology
1. Cells, the fundamental units of life, exchange nutrients
and wastes with their surroundings:
The intracellular fluid is “conditioned by”…
the interstitial fluid, which is “conditioned by” …
the plasma, which is “conditioned by” …
the organ systems it passes through.
Chapter 1 Homeostasis:
A framework for human physiology
2. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic mechanisms
that detect and respond to deviations in
physiological variables from their “set point” values
by initiating effector responses that restore
the variables to the optimal physiological range.
Figure 1-1
Table 1-1, on page 5 in the text, outlines
the structural components and functions of
the major organ systems in the body.
Figure 1-2
ICF
ISF
plasma
organs
internal environment
external
environment
Exchange and communication are key concepts
for understanding physiological homeostasis.
Figure 1-3
Blood glucose levels
increase after eating.
Levels return to their set
point via homeostasis.
This is an example of
dynamic constancy. Levels
change over short periods
of time, but remain
relatively constant over
long periods of time.
Figure 1-4
Interpret the arrows
in
textbook’s flow charts as
“leads to” or “causes.”
(e.g., decreased room
temperature causes
increased heat loss from
the body, which leads to a
decrease in body
temperature, etc.)
Figure 1-5
“Active product” controls the sequence of chemical reactions
by inhibiting the sequence’s rate-limiting enzyme, “Enzyme A.”
A strategy for exploring homeostasis
(see Tables 1-2 & 1-3)
• Identify the internal environmental variable.
example: concentration of glucose in the blood
• Establish the “set point” value for that variable.
example: 70 to 110 mg glucose/dL of blood
• Identify the inputs and outputs affecting the variable.
example: diet and energy metabolism
A strategy for exploring homeostasis
(see Tables 1-2 & 1-3)
• Examine the balance between the inputs and outputs.
example: resting versus exercising
• Determine how the body monitors/senses the variable.
example: certain endocrine cells in the pancreas
“sense” changes in glucose levels
• Identify effectors that restore the variable to its set point.
example: a hormone that increases glucose
synthesis by the liver
Many homeostatic mechanisms utilize neural
communication.
Figure 1-6
Afferent and efferent pathways in temperature homeostasis.
Figure 1-7
Communication systems use signals that bind to receptors.
Neural- or endocrine-
Communication signals in three categories:
Endocrine: signal reaches often-distant targets after
transport in blood.
Paracrine: signal reaches neighboring cells via the ISF.
Autocrine: signal affects the cell that synthesized the
signal.
Figure 1-8: intercellular chemical messengers
A given signal can
fit into all 3 categories:
(e.g., the steroid
hormone cortisol
affects the very cells in
which it is made,
the nearby cells that
produce other hormones,
and many distant targets,
including muscles and
liver.)
Multi-factorial control of
signal release adds
more complexity.
neuropeptide
Processes related to homeostasis
• adaptation: to favor the subject’s survival in
specific environment
– with flexibility: adaptation Æ acclimatization
– developmental acclimatization: in early life with
the critical period
– 高山人的紅血球帶氧比較高、「水世界」的耳後鰓
• biological rhythms
– ~24 hr: circadian rhythm
Figure 1-9: circadian
rhythms on 4
physiological variables
A full analysis of the
hormone cortisol requires
not only knowledge of the
signals that cause its
synthesis and secretion
but also consideration
of biological rhythms.
asleep
asleep
What is the physiological mechanisms
behind circadian rhythm?
• Internal drives
– those 4 variables
• External factors
– environmental time cues
• phase-shift experiment
• examples in our life: jet lag, night shift
• Neural basis of body rhythms: the pacemaker
– pineal gland & melatonin
Figure 1-10: balance of a chemical substance
Some of the potential inputs and outputs that can
affect the “pool” of a material (like glucose) that is a
dynamically regulated physiological variable.
Figure 1-11
Sodium homeostasis: Consuming greater amounts of dietary
sodium initiates a set of dynamic responses that include greater
excretion of sodium in the urine. Though not shown here, the
amount excreted would likely exceed the amount ingested until
the “set point” is restored.
Summary of the homeostasis
• a complex, dynamic process that regulates
the adaptive responses of the body to
changes in the internal and external
environment.
• requiring the balance between inputs and
outputs
– feedback mechanisms
• an learning/plastic role of integrator
Before we stop……
one more slide, next !
Exercise does body/brain good !