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1. TRANSATLANTIC ENCOUNTERS AND COLONIAL BEGINNINGS, 1492-1690
A. First European contact with natives
B. Spain’s empire in North America
C. French colonization of Canada
Q: In what ways was the early history of the Americas a Red, White, and Black
collision?
TERMS:
D.
E.
F.
G.
English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South
From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region
Religious diversity in the American colonies
Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, Glorious Revolution,
Pueblo Revolt
Q: Although New England and the Chesapeake were settled by people of English origin,
how did by 1700 the regions evolve into two distinct societies?
Q: New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations
and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled?
TERMS:
English Reformation
Calvinist Puritans
Church of England
Separatists
Elizabeth I
James I
Enclosure Movement
Spanish Armada
Roanoke
London Company
Headright System
Plymouth Plantation
Puritans
Anne Hutchinson
William Penn
Jamestown
John Smith
“City Upon a Hill”
Quakers
Indentured Servants
William Bradford
John Winthrop
Mayflower Compact
Roger Williams
Plymouth Bay
The Great Awakening
Bacon’s Rebellion
Glorious Revolution
Pueblo Revolt
REFERENCE: Chapter 1, 2, and 3
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I. HISTORICAL INDIANS
A. LATIN AMERICA: Civilization composed of stable agriculture, towns and cities, and trade seen
in MAYAS of Guatemala and the Yucatan, AZTECS of Mexico and INCAS of Peru.
B. ANGLO-AMERICA: Nomadic and intermittent farming seen in most U.S. tribes. Division of
labor based on gender. No knowledge of iron or of the wheel. Decision by consensus.
Polytheistic. Culturally diverse, variety of languages, no sense of unity (Exception: Iroquois)
II. EUROPEAN AGE OF EXPLORATION (mid-15th. cent.-early 17th. cent.)
A. Causes: Crusades (desire for trade with east); Renaissance (intellectual curiosity and desire
for personal glory); Rise of Nation-States (nationalism, competition); Technological
advancements
B. Motivation:
1) Spirit of adventure;
2) wealth;
3) missionary impulse;
4) personal glory;
5) existing trade routes controlled by Arabs, Italian city-states OR difficult and long (Silk
Road)
C. Line of Demarcation 1493; Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
D. Results:
1) New lands discovered;
2) gold discovered;
3) early Spanish domination followed by the decline of Spain;
4) rise of English dominance after 1588;
5) The Columbian Exchange: disease, plants, animals
III. SETTLEMENT
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A. St. Augustine, Florida (1565) – Spanish- 1 European settlement in New World
B. Roanoke, North Carolina (1587) - Sir Walter Raleigh, Lost Colony
C. Quebec, Canada (1608) - French, Champlain
D. New Amsterdam (1624) - Dutch, 1626 buy Manhattan Island, patroon system 1629 (land to
wealthy men who transported 50 families to New Netherlands), Peter Stuyvesant. Became New
York. One of Restoration colonies
E. Fort Christina 1638: Swedish, conquered by Dutch 1655. Became Delaware
IV. COMPARISON OF COLONIES
A. Comparison of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies
1. New England: Mass., Conn., Rhode Island, New Hampshire
a. First Settlements: 1620 Plymouth (Pilgrims); 1630 Mass. Bay
b. farming, fishing, lumbering, furs, shipping (triangular trade); Harvard 1636
c. New England Confederation (1643) - Mass., Conn., Plymouth, New Haven; for
defense against Indians, Dutch, French
d. King Philip's War (1675-76): Indian raids, settlers killed
e. Original Puritan fervor wanes”;New England Way”; conversion relation ;
Halfway Covenant (1662)
f. Dominion of New England (1686): England's attempt to tighten administration ;
Gov. Andros in Mass.; Leisler’s Rebellion in NY; Coode’s Rebellion in Maryland –
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ended with Glorious or Bloodless Revolution in England( William & Mary invited
to rule because James has a Catholic heir)
g. Salem (1692)-“ commercial witches’- Salem Town v. Salem village
2. Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey
a. diverse farming, bread basket
b. diverse ethnic and religious groups
3. Southern Colonies: Va., Md., N.C., S.C., Georgia
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a. First Settlement: 1607 Jamestown – 1 permanent English settlement
b. farming: tobacco (Chesapeake, North Carolina), rice (South Carolina,
Georgia), indigo (South Carolina)- single crop agriculture
c. few towns - Williamsburg, Charleston
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d. growth of slavery after indentured servants quit comingin late 17 century
because of deathrate and better economy in Europe
e. Bacon's Rebellion - 1676, Virginia, desire of backwoods settlers to expand into
Indian territory ; “have-nots v. haves”( west v. east)
V. RELIGION: Conformity vs. Dissent
A. Anglicanism
B. Puritanism: Separatists (Pilgrims), Congregationalists, beliefs, leaders, City on a Hill,
Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Halfway Covenant 1662
C. Quakers
D. Great Awakening (1730-1760) - Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New
Lights, Methodists, Baptists, effect to increase religious toleration
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Grid 1
New England
Middle
Chesapeake
South
Geographic
Economic
Religious
Political
Social/Cultural
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2. Colonial North America, 1690-1754
A. Population growth and immigration
B. Transatlantic trade and seaport growth
C. 18th century backcountry
D. Growth of plantation economies and slave societies
E. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
F. Colonial governments and imperial policy in British North America
Q: Before 1750, England’s policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of
American society. To what extent did this neglect impact legislative assemblies,
commerce, and religion?
TERMS:
Salutary neglect
Albany Plan
First Continental Congress
Representation: virtual versus direct
Committees of Correspondence
French and Indian War
Internal / External Taxation
The Enlightenment
The Great Awakening
French/Indian War
Stamp Act Crisis
Virginia Resolves
Stamp Act Congress
Declaratory Act
Quartering Act (1765)
Townshend Duties
Boston Massacre
Tea Act (1773)
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts
Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
“Olive Branch Petition”
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I. RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN
A. Mercantilism
B. Navigations Acts (1651-1673): trade only in English or colonial ships, enumerated goods,
foreign goods had to stop in England and pay import duties, no mfg. that competed with
English goods.
C. Benevolent Neglect or Salutary Neglect
II. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754 - 1763)
A. Albany Congress (1754): purpose to coordinate the defense of the colonies; Plan of Union
would have established an intercolonial legislature but it was rejected by the provincial
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governments because they were not ready to share the power to tax.( 1 real attempt at unity
fails)
B. Causes:
1) Conflict between French and English in the Ohio Valley( only Imperial war that begins
in the colonies)
2) Struggle for control of the fur trade
C. Fort Necessity(Washington), Acadians, Battle of Quebec (1759)
D. Treaty of Paris (1763): England got French possessions and Florida (from Spain, ally of
France), France ceded Louisiana to Spain ; France out of North America.
E. Effects:
1) balance of power changed;
2) expansion of English territory;
3) English debt grew;
4) colonists became less dependent on England for defense and can now reassess their
relationship with the mother country.
5) preservation of English ideas, language, and culture;
6) colonial disdain for English soldiers;
7) Indians could no longer play the French off against the English;
8) Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-66)- Battle of Fallen Timbers( “Mad Anthony Wayne”),
Paxton Raids (1763);
9) Proclamation of 1763
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended the Seven Years War or French and Indian War. Ceded all French lands in America to Britain.
Britain now owned everything easy of the Mississippi
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Grid 2 – Analyze each term by regarding all terms as a “strain” causing the development
of American society.
Term
Salutary Neglect
Strain causing . . . SEP
Albany Plan
1st Continental Congress
Virtual Representation
Direct Representation
Committees of Correspondence
French and Indian War
Internal Taxation
External Taxation
The Enlightenment
The Great Awakening
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3. The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789
A. Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
B. War for independence
C. State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation
D. The Federal Constitution
Q: In the two decades before the outbreak of the Revolution, a shift in the way
Americans felt about the British government and their colonial governments occurred.
Assess the validity of this statement using both political and constitutional debates of
these decades.
Q: Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form
of government with respect to foreign relations, economic conditions, and western lands.
TERMS:
Stamp Act Crisis
Virginia Resolves
Stamp Act Congress
Declaratory Act
Quartering Act
Townshend Duties
Boston Massacre
Tea Act (1773)
Boston Tea Party
Coercive (Intolerable) Act
First Continental Congress
Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
“Olive Branch Petition”
Ben Franklin
Patrick Henry
Samuel Adams
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Articles of Confederation
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
3/5 Compromise
Federalist Papers
Assumption of state debts
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I. WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
A. First Battles: Lexington and Concord (Mass.), April 19, 1775
B. Turning Point: Battle of Saratoga (New York), October 17, 1777, after this battle France gives
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full support to the colonists including military aid (Treaty of 1778- 1 mutual defense pact in
history- next will be NATO in 1949))
C. Last Battle: Yorktown (Virginia), October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrenders to Washington
II. TREATY OF PARIS (September 3, 1783)
A. Americans granted unconditional independence.
B. Americans granted unlimited fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland.
C. Boundaries Set: North to Canada; South to the 31st. parallel; West to the Mississippi.
D. Florida returned to Spain.
III. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1778-1788)
A. Provisions: Unicameral legislature with the powers to:
1) conduct foreign relations;
2) settle disputes between states;
3) control maritime affairs;
4) regulate Indian trade;
5) set the valuation of state and national coinage.
B. Weaknesses:
1) 9/13 states had to approve a measure;
2) no executive branch to carry out law;
3) no judicial branch to settle state disputes;
4) NO POWER TO TAX;
5) NO POWER TO REGULATE TRADE BETWEEN STATES OR WITH OTHER
COUNTRIES;
6) each state retained its sovereignty
C. The Critical Period: Manifestations of Weaknesses
1) currency problems;
2) failure to pay prewar debts provided Britain an excuse to maintain military posts on the
Great Lakes;
3) British manufactured goods flooded the American market;
4) 1784 Spain closes the Mississippi to American navigation;
5) SHAY'S REBELLION (1787): Massachusetts, farmers threatened with high taxes and
foreclosures stormed a federal armory, claimed tyrannical government needed to be
overthrown
D. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ARTICLES
1.Successfully raised an army and fought the war
2.Successfully concluded the war.
3. land Ordinance of 1785 that created a rectangular survey system of townships and
ranges
4.Northwest Ordinance (1787): MOST IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE
CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENT- blueprint for statehood; Abolished slavery in the
territory; Established process for residents to organize state governments and apply for
admission to the Union.
V. THE CONSTITUTION
A. Constitutional Convention (1787): Great Compromise, Three-Fifths Compromise ;commerce
compromise ; indirect compromise ; federal system, separation of powers
B. Structure of the Constitution: Preamble,7 Articles,27 Amendments
C. Ratification: 9 out of 13 states required; Delaware first to ratify, New Hampshire the ninth
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1. Federalists: supported ratification; The Federalist: John Jay, James Madison,
Alexander Hamilton( Federalist Papers); Federalist #10( size of republic and interests) ;
Federalist # 51( separation of powers)
2. Anti-Federalists: feared excessive federal power; desired a Bill of Rights (Patrick
Henry); their support was gained by the promise of adding a Bill of Rights (1791)Jefferson
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ended the Revolutionary War in America. Gave America all land owned by the British including all 13
colonies. The United States was recognized as an independent nation. Florida was given back to Spain.
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4. The Early Republic
A. Washington, Hamilton, and the shaping of the National Government
B. Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans
C. Second Great Awakening
D. Jefferson’s presidency and expansion West
E. War of 1812 and its consequences
Q: Evaluate the importance of foreign and domestic affairs in shaping American politics
in the 1790’s.
Q: With respect to the federal constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually
characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of
the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate
during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?
TERMS:
The Virginia Plan
The New Jersey Plan
The Great Compromise
3/5 Compromise
Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
The Federalist Papers
Judiciary Act of 1789
Hamilton’s bank bill
1st BUS
Bill of Rights
Whiskey Rebellion
Revolution of 1800
Jay’s Treaty
Marbury v. Madison
Pinckney’s Treaty
John Marshall
Quasi War with France
Judicial Review
XYZ Affair
Louisiana Purchase
Washington’s Farewell Address
Impressment
Embargo
Non Intercourse Act
“War Hawks”
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I. ESTABLISHING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: The Washington Administration
A. Congress created executive departments: Cabinet; Washington appointed Jefferson Sec. of
St., Hamilton Sec. of the Treas., Knox Sec. of War
B. Judiciary Act of 1789: established the federal court system
C. Washington established precedents: "Mr. President," Cabinet as advisors, minimized role of
VP, principle of executive privilege, little use of veto, two term limit
D. Economic Policies Under Hamilton:3 Great Reports-Report on National Credit-payment of
federal debt & assumption of state debts (national capital deal);Report on national Bankchartering the national bank; Report on Manufactures- excise tax on whiskey (Whiskey Rebellion
1794 Pa.); Tariff of 1789 (revenue)
II. THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
A. Federalists: led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; favored strong central government,
broad interpretation of the Constitution, support for commerce and business, close ties with
Britain, order and stability; strongest in northeast
B. Republicans: led by James Madison switched over issue of funding) and Thomas Jefferson;
stressed states rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, support for agrarian life,
sympathetic to France, stressed civil liberties and trust in the people; strongest in South and
West( feared consolidation)
III. THE NEW NATION AND FOREIGN POLICY
A. Washington: Citizen Genet Affair and American response to French Revolution; Neutrality
Proclamation (1793); Treaty of Greenville 1795; Jay's Treaty (1795-Britain); Pinckney's Treaty
(1795-Spain); Farewell Address (1796)
B. John Adams: X,Y,Z Affair (1798); Build-up of the Navy; Quasi-War (1798-1800); Convention of
1800 (terminated 1778 Alliance with France)
C. Thomas Jefferson: Barbary Coast Pirates (1803-1804); Purchase of Louisiana (1803);
impressment issue; Non-Importation Act, Embargo Act (1807)
D. James Madison: War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry (Battle of Lake Erie), British burn
Washington DC, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent (status quo)
E. James Monroe: Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) - limited naval forces on the Great Lakes;
Convention of 1818 (U.S.-Canadian border at 49th. parallel); Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) purchase of Florida; Monroe Doctrine (1823) - noncolonization, noninterference, nonintervention9
because we have fundamentally different political systems from Europe)
IV. JOHN ADAMS AND POLITICAL DISSENT
A. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)- “Reign of Witches”; attempt to wipe out political opposition of
Democratic- Republicans
B. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)- Jefferson and Madison- principle of interposition/
nullification picked up in 1833 & 1860; 2 views of Locke’s theory(north & South)
C. Judiciary Act of 1801: "Midnight Appointments"
V. THE JEFFERSONIANS: Revolution of 1800 (peaceful transfer of power from Federalists
to Republicans)
A. Policies: Sedition and Naturalization Acts allowed to lapse; federal excise taxes repealed; size
of army and navy reduced; but Hamilton’s programs- the bank- not wiped out; Jefferson realized
they were necessary to the country
B. Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison (1803) - judicial review; McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) precedence of national laws, implied powers( loose interpretation); Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (1819) - sanctity of contracts; Gibbon v. Ogden (1824) - congressional power over
interstate commerce; Fletcher v. Peck(1810) federal power to declare state laws unconstitutional;
VI. THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
A. War of 1812: "War Hawks," "Second War of American Independence," "Mr. Madison's
War”; theories on the causes-
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(1) National Pride- Bradford Perkins; (2)Maritime Grievances- Reginald Horsman; (3)
Expansionist- Julius Pratt
B. Growth of domestic manufacturing
C. Henry Clay - American System: National Bank, Internal Improvements, Protective Tariff
D. Missouri Compromise (1820)
Foreign Policy
Jay’s Treaty 1795
A negotiated treaty with the British which attempted to settle the conflict at sea and curtail English
involvement in Indian attacks.
Pinckney’s Treaty 1795
Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic including the port city of New Orleans. The 31st
parallel was recognized as Florida's northern boundary.
Washington's Farewell Address 1796
Washington warned the new nation to avoid "inveterate antipathies" and "passionate attachments" to any
foreign nation. Permanent alliances should be avoided although temporary alliances may be useful. Beware
of political parties.
Embargo Act 1807
Jefferson forbade any America ship to leave port for any foreign nation. This resulted in a brief economic
depression.
Non-Intercourse Act 1809
Modified the 1907 Embargo Act by forbidding trade solely to Britain and France
Macon's Bill No.2 1810
Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 giving power to the President to prohibit trade with any nation
that violated United States Neutrality during the War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent 1814
Ended the War of 1812 returning all annexed lands back to their original owners. Status Quo Ante
Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817
First "disarmament" agreement; The United States and Britain will not maintain an armed fleet in the Great
Lakes.
Territorial Expansion
Louisiana Purchase:
A vast region in North American purchased by the United States from France in 1803. The territory comprised of
present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Oklahoma, nearly all of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rocky
Mts., and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River but including the city of New Orleans.
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5. Nationalism and Sectionalism
A. Beginnings of Industrialization and expansion of slavery
B. Immigration and nativist reaction
C. Planters, farmers, and slavery in cotton South
D. Evangelical protestant revival
E. Social reforms
F. Transcendentalism and utopian communities
Q: How could both sectionalism and nationalism exist at the same time?
Q: Developments in transportation, rather than manufacturing and agriculture, sparked
American economic growth in the first half of the century. Assess the validity of this
statement.
Q: Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life. Assess this statement through
political, social, economic, and intellectual life.
Q: American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and
pessimistic views of human nature and society. Assess this statement through education,
temperance, women’s rights, utopian experiences, and penal institutions.
TERMS:
Nationalism
Sectionalism
Internal improvements
Plantation system
Era of Good Feelings
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
Panic of 1819
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
Corrupt Bargain
Mercantile, agrarian, market economies
Abolitionists
factory system
Brook Farm
Erie canal
New Harmony
Nativism
Mormons
Native American Party
2nd Great Awakening
Supreme Order of the Spangled Banner
Know Nothing Party
Temperance
Cavalier Myth
Transcendentalism
Cult of honor
Emerson/Thoreau
slave codes
Elizabeth C. Stanton
William L. Garrison
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I. GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY
A. Westward Migration: new lands opened to settlement; California Gold Rush 1849
B. Agriculture: Backbone of the American economy through the first half of the 19th. century;
McCormick Reaper (1834); John Deere plow (1837); King Cotton (South); Cattle Drives (West)
C. Transportation: Robert Fulton's steamboat (1807); National Road (1818); Erie Canal 1825,
Canal Era, Railroad Era 1830's; trans-ocean steamships (1848)- financed by States- almost
bankrupt them( feds will do it after this era)
D. Manufacturing: New England textile mills- Lowell system( farm girls in dorms); "the American
System" of mass production; Goodyear vulcanized rubber (1844); Elias Howe's sewing machine
(1846)
E. Communication: Samuel Morse telegraph (1844); Pony Express pre-Civil War
F. Growth of Cities: 3.3% in 1790, 16% in 1860; problems: tenements, overcrowding, impure
water supplies, inadequate sewage, increased street crime necessitated police departments
II. AGE OF REFORM- Moral; Humanitarian; Utopian; Radical
MORAL)
A. Temperance: American Temperance Society (1826), Dow laws begin in Maine 1850's
B. Second Great Awakening (1800-1840): Charles G. Finney, growth of Baptist and Presbyterian
sects, new sects - Seventh Day Adventists, Millerites, Mormons (Joseph Smith); NY "Burnt-Over
District"
UTOPIAN
A. Transcendentalism: Stressed self-reliance; Emerson's "Oversoul"; Thoreau's Walden (1854
B. Utopian Communities: Shakers, Oneida Community, Robert Owen New Harmony community
(1825), Brook Farm
RADICAL
A. Women's Rights: Seneca Falls 1848, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony; Margaret Fuller, Sojourner Truth, Sarah and Angelina Grimke
B. Abolitionism: American Colonization Society (1817); Liberia 1822; William Lloyd Garrison:
immediate emancipation (The Liberator 1831)
HUMANITARIAN
A. Education: Horace Mann, Massachusetts, promotion of tax-supported public schools; Noah
Webster's Spellers
B. Prison and Asylum Reform: Dorothea Dix
Foreign Policy
Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental) 1819
Florida was sold to the Americans in exchange for the Mexican boundary being draws to the Pacific.
Territorial Expansion
Florida:
In 1810 United States settlers in the western part of Florida rebelled against Spanish rule and declared their
independence as the republic of West Florida. This area and other territory between the Mississippi and Perdido
rivers was subsequently annexed by the United States. After long negotiations, Spain agreed in 1819 to cede
Florida to the United States through the Adams-Onis Treaty. A state constitution was drafted in 1838, and
Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845.
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6. Age of Jackson
A. Jacksonian democracy and its successes and limitations
Q: Jackson can be considered a president of the Common Man. Assess this statement as
a contrast to the idea that he was bent on revenge and power.
TERMS:
Corrupt Bargain
2nd Party System
Democratization
Spoils system
Tariff of Abomination 1828
Peggy Eaton Affair
Bank War
Specie Circular
Nullification Crisis
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Whig Party
Martin Van Buren
Log Cabin Campaign
Removal Act of 1830
Trail of Tears
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia
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I. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: Age of the Common Man
A. Limited National Government:
1) veto of the recharter of the National Bank ("pet banks");
2) veto of Maysville Road Bill (no federal funding for local improvements)
B. Widening of the suffrage and voter participation :National Nominating Conventions( antiMasonic party- 1824); more eligible voters; election of judges, sheriffs etal
C. Civil Service Reform: Spoils System( 1/5 replaced), reliance for advice on Kitchen Cabinet
D. Opposition to business monopoly - "moneyed interests"
E. Commitment to Jeffersonian "agrarian ideal" - rising importance of the West
II. NULLIFICATION CONTROVERSY
A. Tariff of Abominations (1828): Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest
B. Webster-Hayne Debate (1830): union "one and inseparable" vs. state sovereignty and doctrine
of nullification( consolidation)
C. Tariff of 1832: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification; Jackson threatens to use armed
force; Calhoun resigns as VP; Force Bill; Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833; South Carolina
rescinds its Nullification Ordinance; Eaton Affair
III. THE SECOND POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM
A. Democrats: Opposition to concentrations of political and economic power
B. Whigs: Opposed the "Jacksonian tyranny," supported a more active national government,
economic development, and humanitarian reform
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7. Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny
A. Western migration and cultural interactions
B. Territorial acquisitions
C. Early U.S. imperialism: The Mexican War
Q: Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was, in
fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others. Assess the validity of
this statement with specific references to American expansionism in the 1840’s.
TERMS:
Manifest Destiny
“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”
Stephen F. Austin
Bear Flag Revolution
Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana Mormon Trail
Alamo
Santa Fe Trail
Mexican War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ostend Manifesto
Gadsden Purchase
I. MANIFEST DESTINY: John L. O'Sullivan (1845)
A. Canada: 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled Maine-Canada border dispute
B. James K. Polk: 1844 ran on expansionist platform
C. Oregon: 54'40 or Fight!, Oregon Treaty 1846 extended boundary at 49th. parallel
D. Texas: Annexation March, 1845 (joint resolution of Congress- simple majority)
II. MANIFEST DESTINY CONTINUED
A. War for Texas Independence (1836)
B. Mexican War (1846-48): Wilmot Proviso; Nueces River dispute; General Zachary Taylor;
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
C. Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Foreign Policy
Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842
Conflicting claims over the Canada-Maine boundary were compromised. It helped British-US relations.
Oregon Treaty 1846
US-Canada boundary extended from Rockies to the Pacific. The United States got half of the Oregon
Territory.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
Mexico ceded to the United States the Mexican Cession (California and surrounding states) for a cheaper
price. Treaty also ended the Mexican-American War
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850
Great Britain nor the United States will never exercise any control nor fortify an isthmian canal nor to
colonize any part of Central America.
Ostend Manifesto 1854
President James Pierce sought to buy Cuba from Spain. Spain denied. 3 diplomats wrote this agreement to
urge military seizure of Cuba if Spain remained unmoving in selling Cuba.
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Territorial Expansion
Texas:
In 1836 it became a separate Republic after the Texas Revolution. The United States Senate rejected a treaty to
annex Texas in 1844, but it reversed that decision the following year, and Texas joined the Union on December
29, 1845.
Gadsden Purchase:
The land purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853. The purchase was necessitated by the
misunderstanding arising from the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War.
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8. Crisis of the Union
A. Pro and Anti-slavery arguments
B. Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act and the emergence of the Republican Party
D. Lincoln, election of 1860, and secession
Q: Assess the moral and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the
context of the Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850, and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Q: “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of brining about in any way the social and
political equality of the white and black races.” How can this 1858 statement by Lincoln
be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?
TERMS:
Missouri Compromise 1820
Wilmot Proviso
Popular Sovereignty
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Seventh of March Address
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
John Brown
Republican Party
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Rise of Lincoln
I. Causes of the Civil War
A. Missouri Compromise- 1820
B. Webster- Haynes Debate
C. Nullification Crisis –1833
D. Mexican American War- 1846-1848
E. Compromise of 1850: California, popular sovereignty, slave trade abolished in Washington DC,
new Fugitive Slave Law
F. Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe
G. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty, NEGATED MISSOURI
COMPROMISE, resulted in Bleeding Kansas
H. Formation of Republican Party (1854): Formed in opposition to Kansas-Nebraska Act, John C.
Fremont first presidential candidate in 1856
I. Sumner-Brooks Altercation (1856)
J. Dred Scot Decision (1857): Ruled that Scot was not a citizen and had no standing in court,
Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in a territory
K. The Impending Crisis of the South (1857): Hinton Helper, attempted to prove that nonslaveholding poor whites were hurt most by slavery; “Bleeding Kansas”- Lecompton Constitution
L. John Brown's Raid (1859): Attack on federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia; arrested, tried,
and hanged; considered a martyr by many in the North
II. Election of 1860
South Carolina responds to Lincoln's election by passing An Ordinance of Secession December
20, 1860,
20
9. The Civil War
A. Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, internal dissent
B. Emancipation and role of African-Americans
C. SEP effects of war of North, South, and the West
Q: The South never had a chance to win the Civil War. To what extent, and why, do you
agree or disagree with this statement?
TERMS:
Crittenden Compromise
Homestead Act
Union Pacific Railroad
National Bank Acts of 1863-64
Income tax
National Draft Law
Gettysburg
Confiscation Act
Emancipation Proclamation
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Conscription Act
March to the Sea
Appomatox Courthouse
Slavery as a principal
Grant v. Lee
X. CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)-anaconda plan; Turning Points: Vicksburg in West and
Gettysburg in East
21
10. Reconstruction
A. Reconstruction Plans
B. Southern state governments: aspiration, achievements, failures
C. Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy
D. Compromise of 1877
E. Impact of Reconstruction
Q: How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and
economic opportunity to former slaves?
TERMS:
Freedman’s Bureau
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
Black Codes
Civil Rights Act of 1865, 1866
Ku Klux Klan
Tenants and sharecroppers
Jim Crow laws
Poll Tax
Literacy Test
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
40 acres and a mule
Crop lien system
Tenure of Office Act
Johnson impeachment
Whiskey Ring
Credit Mobilier
Compromise of 1877
22
I. RECONSTRUCTION
th
th
th
A.13 ;14 ;15 amendments; Supp. Freedmean’s Act; KKK Enforcement Act; Civil Rights Act
1875; Military Districts
B. Supreme Court Decisions effect on Reconstruction:
a.Ex Parte Milligan- can’t try civilians in military courts while civilian courts are
open(Supp. Freedman Act protection of violation of voting trial in federal court gone)
b. Slaughterhouse Cases- 2 types of citizenship, state & federal, and the B of R only
th
protects you against actions of the federal gov.(14 am. Protection gone)
th
c. ex parte Cruickshank- 14 amendment does not apply to actions of individuals( KKK
Enforcement act gone- Klan turned loose)
d. Civil Rights Cases- Civil Rights Act of 1875 that provides no discrimination in places of
public accommodation or access is unconstitutional(now Jim Crow is turned loose)
Effect of all cases is to virtually re-enslave the entire Black population of the South
through the crop-lien system, true equality will not be reached until the Civil Rights Act of
nd
1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965( the 2 Reconstruction).
II. THE POST-RECONSTRUCTION SOUTH
A. Solid South: Democratic Party dominated southern politics
B. African-Americans: Jim Crow laws passed (beginning 1881) to take voting rights away from
blacks –Mississippi Plan= literacy tests, poll taxes, "grandfather clause," and to establish racial
separation of public facilities; lynchings increased; Booker T. Washington- accommodation (selfimprovement); W.E.B. DuBois- confrontationalism (1905 Niagara Movement, NAACP; talented
1/10)
C. Agriculture: White ownership of most land with blacks and poor whites becoming tenant
farmers and sharecroppers; development of crop-lien system (farmer mortgaged future crop to
pay for goods purchased on credit - indebtedness grew from year to year)
D. Industry: Textile factories, tobacco processing, iron, railroads
E. Plessey v Ferguson (1896): Established policy of separate but equal in public accommodations
(Cummings v. Board of Education 1899 applied this principle to schools)
Territorial Expansion
Alaska:
Russia sold its American colony to U.S. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, on March 11, 1867. The agreed
price was $7.2 million.
23
11. Development of the West
A. Expansion and development of western railroads
B. Competitors for the West: miners, ranchers, homesteaders, American Indians
C. Government policy toward Native Americans
D. Gender, race, and ethnicity in the West
Q: Discuss how interpretations of western settlement include issues of race, ethnicity,
gender, and culture.
TERMS:
Great American Desert
Chisholm Trail
Frederick Jackson Turner
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Rocky Mountain School
Sand Creek Massacre
Battle of Little Bighorn
Ghost Dance
Dawes Severalty Act
Assimilation
Chinese Exclusion Act
Sodbusters
Mining camps
Role of women
boomtowns/ghost towns
Comstock Lode
I. THE FRONTIER MOVES WESTWARD
A. Legislation
1. Homestead Act (1862): Settlers could purchase 160 acres if they promised to occupy
and improve the land for five years
2. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): Federal land used to finance land grant colleges
B. Mining Towns: California 1849, Colorado 1859
C. Ranchers: long drives, "cow towns," open range, cowboys, barbed wire fences erected by
farmers caused range wars
D. Farmers: Great Migration to Plains (1870-1890), sodbusters, problems, mail order, dry
farming, Newlands Reclamation Act 1902 used sale of western federal lands to finance irrigation
E. Native Americans: Lifestyle of the Plains Indians destroyed by the decimation of the buffalo
herds; 1850's reservation policy; relocation to Oklahoma and the Dakotas; Bureau of Indian
Affairs; Indian resistance 1850's to 1880's; Battle of Little Big Horn 1876; Nez Pierce, Chief
Joseph 1877; Wounded Knee 1890; Dawes Act 1887 - purpose to accomplish the assimilation of
the Indians
F. Railroads: May 10, 1869, Promontory Point, Utah; Union Pacific meets the Central Pacific; time
zones established
G. Conservation: John Muir, Yosemite National Park 1890, national forest reserves 1891
H. Frederick Jackson Turner: historian whose paper, The Significance of the Frontier, argued that
the frontier shaped the American character and the closing of the frontier in 1890 marked the end
of an era.
24
12. Industrial America in the Late 19th Century
A. Corporate consolidation of industry
B. Effects of technology on worker and workplace
C. National politics and influence of corporate power
D. Proponents and opponents of the new order: social Darwinism, and social
gospel
E. Urbanization and lure of the city
F. City problems and political machines
Q: Analyze the impact of the following on the American industrial worker
between 1865 and 1900.
Government actions
Labor Unions
Immigration
Technology changes
Q: Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth
that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.
Andrew Carnegie
Horatio Alger
Ida M. Tarbell
Eugene V. Debs
Booker T. Washington
Q: What key changes did urbanization bring to America? What was city life like
environmentally, politically, and culturally?
TERMS:
Bessemer process
Standard Oil
Henry Ford
“Taylorism”
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Corporation
Limited Liability
Andrew Carnegie
JP Morgan
Horizontal integration
Socialist Labor Party
Vertical integration
Henry George
John D. Rockefeller
Child Labor Laws
Monopoly
Molly Maguires
pool arrangements
Knights of Labor
trust
American Federation of Labor
holding company
Samual Gompers
Herbert Spencer/Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
Haymarket riot
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
Eugene V. Debs
25
Gilded Age- 1877-1900- Problems of America (corruption in government; corruption in
business; immigration; urbanization; labor organization; labor unrest)
I. GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
Inventions and innovations by Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, George Westinghouse, Bell, Howe,
Swift; Frederick W. Taylor, "Father of Scientific Management"
II. GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS
A. New Organization: Corporations, limited liability, horizontal integration, vertical integration;
pools; trusts; holding companies
B. Tycoons: Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil), J.P. Morgan (U.S.
Steel), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)-ROBBER BARRONS
II. SOCIAL DOCTRINES
A. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, "survival of the fittest"
B. Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie, STEWARDSHIP OF WEALTH=responsibility of wealthy
to use their money to advance programs for the betterment of society
C. Horatio Alger Stories: popular novels which preached that hard work and perseverance with a
little luck, will bring success & riches
IV. LABOR MOVEMENTS
A. Knights of Labor (1869): open to skilled and unskilled workers; supported 8-hour day, equal
pay for equal work, better wages, abolition of child labor, safety and health laws, a graduated
income tax, government ownership of railroads and utilities; 1879 Terence Powderly; 700,000 in
1886; 100,000 in 1890; disbanded ( Haymarket Square wipes them out)
B. American Federation of Labor (1881): Samuel Gompers, consisted of many separate craft
unions; advocated collective bargaining but also supported use of strikes( bread & butter issues)
C. Industrial Workers of the World (1905): "Wobblies"; Bill Haywood; unskilled industrial workers;
advocated militant agitation- anarchists
D. Strikes
1. Railroad Strike of 1877: Federal troops were called in and the strike was broken
(President Hayes)
2. Haymarket Riot (1886): Chicago; followed nationwide strike for an 8-hour day which
had been sponsored by the AFL and local units of the Knights of Labor; bomb exploded
and 7 policemen died; eight anarchists convicted of murder; public response was against
the unions- Gov. Altgeld pardons remaining four and commits political suicide.
3. Homestead Strike (1892): Pennsylvania; Carnegie Steel Company; National Guard
sent in; strikers broke after four months( Frick shot by anarchist)
4. Pullman Strike (1894): Illinois; Led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway
Union; President Cleveland sent 2000 troops to restore order; injunction issued to halt the
strike; union leaders including Debs jailed.
V. URBAN DEVELOPMENT
st
1920- 1 time census showed more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas; urban politics
controlled by political machines and bosses; graft and corruption was rampant as exemplified by
the New York City Tammany Hall organization; huge waves of immigration from southern and
eastern Europe sparked nativist opposition
VI. GILDED AGE POLITICS
A. The Party System: Both major parties tended to be pro-business and pro-sound currency;
popular vote evenly divided; high voter turnout; politics was a popular pastime; Republican Party Stalwarts, Half-Breeds, Mugwumps
B. Presidents: Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, B. Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley
C. Legislation: Bland-Allison Act (1878), Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Pendleton Act (1883),
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), McKinley Tariff Act (1890),
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), Dingley Tariff (1897),
Gold Standard Act (1900)
D. Crises in the 1890's:
1) emergence of the Populist Party;
2) Panic of 1893 (agricultural depression, decline of U.S. gold reserve, unsound railroad
financing resulted in bank failures, business failures, strikes, unemployment, violence);
26
3) Coxey's Army (1894) demanded public works programs (arrested);
4) silver issue (silver restored as legal tender in the 1870's, farmers in the 1890's wanted
an inflation of the currency to ease debt payment, farmers urged free and unlimited
coinage of silver, but 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act did not allow for the coinage of
silver purchased from mine owners)
New Manifest Destiny late 1800's
America was overcome with the idea of imperialism where it was America's duty to rule the Western
hemisphere. Hawaii and the Philippines were the first victims of this new Manifest Destiny
Teller Amendment 1898
Sponsored by Republican senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado, which disclaimed any intention by the
United States to exercise control over Cuba, pledging that the government of the island would be left to its
inhabitants as soon as peace had been restored
Treaty of Paris 1899
It secured independence for Cuba from Spain. It ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the
United States. It also ended the Spanish-American War.
Open Door Policy 1899
A guarantee of equal opportunity of trade and the sovereignty of the Chinese government
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901
United States and Britain would jointly build an isthmian canal. United States was free to construct,
maintain, and fortify a canal that could be open to all ships.
27
13. Populism and Progressivism
A. Agrarian discontent and political issues of late 19th century
B. Origins of progressive reform: municipal, state, and national
C. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
D. Women’s role: family, workplace, education, politics, and reform
E. Black America: urban migration and civil rights initiatives
Q:
I. AGRARIAN UNREST
A. Grange Movement (1867): Patrons of Husbandry, promotion of agriculture and scientific
techniques; Granger laws passed in some states to regulate railroad rates and grain elevator
owners
B. Farmers' Alliances (1873): stressed cooperation among farmers, promoted education, social
gatherings
C. Populist Party (1891)
1. Supported:
a) free and unlimited coinage of silver;
b) government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, telephone;
c) graduated income tax;
d) direct election of U.S. Senators;
e) postal savings banks;
f) initiative, referendum, recall
2. 1892 presidential candidate James B. Weaver received 22 electoral votes
Populist platform absorbed into Democratic party in election of 1896-William Jennings
Bryan- “Cross of Gold speech”- free & unlimited coinage of silver.
3. Party disappeared after 1908 because:
a) it failed to get support from labor;
b) its political objectives were adopted by the major parties;
c) farmer support declined as their situation improved in the late 1890's
II. THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT- reaction to the problems of the Gilded Age(corruption in government; corruption in politics; immigration; urbanization; labor
organization; labor unrest)
A. Beliefs:
1) sought to end abuses of power (monopolies, government);
28
2) wished to reform institutions of society;
3) applied scientific and efficiency principles to economic, political, and social institutions;
4) SAW GOVERNMENT AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS
B. Social Gospel Movement: Evangelical Christian movement that emphasized social
responsibility as a means to salvation. The Salvation Army is an example of this movement.
C. Muckrakers: Name given to crusading writers who exposed graft, corruption, and dishonesty;
coined by T. Roosevelt; Included Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair; David
Graham Phillips; Charles Beard;
D. Settlement House Movement: Promoted education, appreciation of the arts, improved housing,
better jobs to improve lives of slum dwellers; Run by middle class women; Jane Addams Hull
House Chicago
E. Political Reform: Attacked power of the political parties; gave more power to the people and to
non-partisan, non-elective officials
1. New Forms of City Government: City Commission, City Manager
2. Initiative, Referendum, Recall; Direct Primary
3. Robert LaFollette: Wisconsin Plan; U.S. Senator 1911; leader of the national
Progressive movement
G. Moral Reform: temperance, Volstead Act 1919, Eighteenth Amendment; anti-prostitution
crusade, Mann Act 1910 (White Slave)
III. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE SQUARE DEAL
advocated progressive reforms (promised "square deal" in 1904 campaign)
A. Busting Bad Trusts: Northern Securities v United States 1902
B. Department of Commerce and Labor 1903
C. Elkin Act 1903: legislation forbidding railroad rebates, unfair discrimination, adherence to
published rates; Hepburn Act 1906: gave ICC power to determine railroad rates, prohibited free
passes
D. Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act - both in 1906 (The
Jungle)
E. Panic of 1907: Recovery made possible by J.P. Morgan who organized a pool to prop up
shaky financial institutions
F. Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act 1902; Inland Waterways Commission 1907; White
st
House Conservation Conference 1908; Gifford Pinchot - Chief Forester- 1 professional forester
IV. WILSON'S NEW FREEDOM- after election becomes New Nationalism( regulates rather
than destroys trusts)
aimed at Triple Wall of Privilege
A. Trusts: Advocated elimination of monopolies; Louis Brandeis - major Progressive figure due to
his investigations of monopolies; Wilson nominated him to the Supreme Court in 1916 (first
Jewish justice)
B. Underwood Simmons Tariff 1913: reduced tariffs, imposed first income tax; followed by
Sixteenth Amendment
C. Federal Reserve Act 1913: Provided a flexible currency system through the creation of a 12
district Federal Reserve System
D. Federal Trade Commission 1914: Purpose to investigate the operations of corporations
E. Clayton-Anti-Trust Act 1914: Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
29
CROSS REFERENCE TO POLITICAL PARTIES
Federalist Party: 1790-1800; American political party of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It originated in the
groups advocating the creation of a stronger national government after 1781. Its early leaders included Alexander
Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, and George Washington. These men provided much of the impetus and the
organization behind the movement to draft and ratify the federal Constitution to secure the revolution on an orderly and
stable basis. Their support came from the established elites of old wealth in the commercial cities and in the less rapidly
developing rural regions.
Anti-Federalists: 1788-1800; early political party of the United States, precursor of the Democratic-Republican Party
led by Thomas Jefferson. Originally, the term designated the opponents in the United States to the ratification of the
federal Constitution following its adoption by the Constitutional Convention, which met in Philadelphia in 1787.
Subsequently, the term was meant to signify the advocating of states’ rights.
Democratic-Republican Party: Early political party in the United States, originally led by Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison in the 1790’s in opposition to the Federalist Party and the ideas of Alexander Hamilton. The party was also
known as the Republican Party and the Jeffersonian Republican Party, in fact it was the forerunner of today’s
Democratic Party. The philosophy of the Democratic-Republican Party favored states’ rights, rather than a strong
national government; rural, agricultural interests; and supported the legitimacy of the French Revolution (1789-1799).
The party opposed ties with Britain as well. Goal is to protect the rights of people. Method to achieve that goal switches
after Industrialization. Laissez faire in agricultural America to strong central government in Industrial America
Democratic Party: One of the two main political parties of the United States. Its origins can be traced to the coalition
formed by Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s to resist the policies of George Washington’s administration. This coalition,
originally called the Republican, and later the Democratic Republican Party, split into two factions during the
presidential campaign of 1828. One, the National-Republican Party, was absorbed into the Whig Party in 1934; the
other became the Democratic Party.
National-Republican Party: A short-lived political party opposed to Andrew Jackson. In the election of 1828, which
Jackson won, some of the supporters of the opponent, President John Quincy Adams, called themselves NationalRepublicans. It was under this name that, following the lead of the Anti-Masonic Party, they held a national nominating
convention at Baltimore in December 1831 and chose Henry Clay to oppose Jackson in the 1832 election. The
adherents of the National Republican Party constituted a mixture of industrialists, business leaders, farmers, laborers,
and mechanics, who believed in Clay’s program of high tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank. The main
issue of the campaign was Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the United States Charter. Clay was badly beaten, and
by 1836 the National-Republicans had combined with other groups opposed to Jackson to form the Whig Party.
Whig Party: One of the two dominant political parties in power in the U.S. from the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. The
party was formed in 1834 by members of the defunct National-Republican Party and others opposed to the policies of
President Andrew Jackson. It was composed of many factions, united only in their opposition to the Democratic Party.
Liberty Party: First anti-slavery political party in the United States. It was formed in 1839 by a group of individuals
who broke away for the militant American Anti-Slavery Society.
Free-Soil Party: American political party organized in 1848 on a platform opposing the extension of slavery.
Know Nothing’s Party: Also known as the American Party, it was the popular name of a secret political party that
existed from 1849 to 1860. The party organized in clandestine societies that discriminated against immigrants and
members of the Roman Catholic Church. Such societies included the Order of the Sons of America in Pennsylvania and
the Order of the Star Spangled Banner in New York.
Republican Party: One of the two major United States political parties, founded by a coalition in 1854. The coalition
was composed
of former members of the Whig, Free-Soil, and Know-Nothing(American) Parties, along with Northern Democrats who
were dissatisfied with their party’s conciliatory attitude on the slavery issue. The early Republicans were united in their
opposition to extending slavery into the western territories. In 1856, they nominated John Charles Frémont for the
presidency. He won a third of the popular vote, but alienated many potential supporters by his failure to oppose
immigration. Typically support big business. Goal is the protection of property. Achieve goal in industrial America
through laissez faire.
30
Greenback-Labor Party: Popular name for the National Party, a political party organized in 1878 by workers and
farmers as a means of relieving their economic difficulties resulting from the depression of the 1870s. The party was
formed by Greenbacks, members of the defunct Greenback Party.
People’s Party or Populist Party: Political party active in the United States between 1891 and 1908, supported mainly
by farmers in the South and West. A product of the Populist movement, the people’s party was the successor of the
Greenback-labor party of the 1880s.
Bull Moose Party: The first Progressive party, know as the Bull Moose Party, was founded after a bitter fight for the
Republican presidential nomination among the incumbent president William H. Taft, the Wisconsin Senator Robert M.
LaFollette, and the former president Theodore Roosevelt. Most Progressives soon rejoined the Republican Party, and
the Progressive Party died out in 1917.
Progressive Party: In 1924 a liberal coalition, frustrated by conservative domination of both major parties, formed the
League of Progressive Political Action, popularly called the Progressive Party. Nominating Senator Robert M.
LaFollette for president and Montana Democratic Senator Burton K. Wheeler for vice-president, the party, which also
drew support from the Socialists, advocated government ownership of public utilities and labor reforms such as the
right to collective bargaining.
31
CROSS REFERENCE TO THE PRESIDENTS: WASHINGTON TO WILSON
Presidents
1. George Washington, 1789-1797
VP - John Adams
Major Items:
Judiciary Act, 1789
Tariff of 1789
Whiskey Rebellion, 1799
French Revolution - Citizen Genét, 1793
Jay Treaty with England, 1795
Pinckney Treaty with Spain, 1795
Farewell Address, 1796
First Bank of United States , 1791-1811
2. John Adams, 1797-1801
Federalist
VP - Thomas Jefferson
Major Items:
XYZ Affair, 1797
Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798
Naturalization Act
"Midnight Judges," 1801
Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798
3. Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809
Republican
VP - Aaron Burr
Major Items:
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805
Embargo Act, 1807
Non-Intercourse Act, 1809
4. James Madison, 1809-1817
Republican
VP - George Clinton
Major Items:
Macon Act, 1810
"War Hawks," 1811-1812
War of 1812
Hartford Convention, 1814
First Protective Tariff, 1816
5. James Monroe, 1817-1825
Republican
VP - Tompkins
Major Items:
Marshall's Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819;
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819
Adam-Oñis Treaty, 1819
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Sectional Tariff, 1824
32
6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829
National Republican
VP - John C. Calhoun
Major Items:
"Corrupt Bargain"
Erie Canal, 1825
Tariff of Abominations
Calhoun's Exposition and Protest, 1828
7. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837
Democrat
VP - John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren
Major Items:
Jacksonian Democracy
Tariffs of 1832 and 1833
The 2nd Bank of the United States (due to expire in 1836)
Formation of the Whig Party, 1832
8. Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841
Democrat
VP - Richard M. Johnson
Major Items:
Panic of 1837
Specie Circular, no Bank of the United States
Unsound financing by state governments
9. William Henry Harrison, 1841
Whig
VP - John Tyler
10. John Tyler, 1841-1845
Anti-Jackson Democrat ran as VP on Whig ticket
Major Items:
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842
Vetoes Clay's bill for 3rd Bank of the United States
Canadian Border set at 45th parallel
11. James K. Polk, 1845-1849
Democrat
VP - Dallas
Major Items:
Manifest Destiny
Texas becomes a state, 1845
Oregon boundary settled, 1846
Mexican War, 1846-1848
Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Wilmot Proviso
12. Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850
Whig
VP - Millard Fillmore
13. Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853
33
Whig
VP Major Items:
Compromise of 1850
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852
14. Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857
Democrat
VP - King
Major Items:
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854
popular sovereignty
Japan opened to world trade, 1853
Underground Railroad
Bleeding Kansas
Ostend Manifesto, 1854
15. James Buchanan, 1857-1861
Democrat
VP- Breckinridge
Major Items:
Dred Scott decision, 1857
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
16. Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865
Republican
VP - Andrew Johnson
Major Items:
Civil War, 1861-1865
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
Homestead Act, 1862
Morill Act, 1862
Assassinated April 14th, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth
17. Andrew Johnson, 1865, 1869
Republican
Major Items:
13th Amendment, 1865
14th Amendment, 1868
Reconstruction Act, 1867
Tenure of Office Act, 1867
Impeachment Trial, 1868
Formation of KKK
Adoption of Black Codes in the South
18. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877
Republican
VP - Colfax, Wilson
Major Items:
15th Amendment, 1870
First Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
Tweed Ring
Panic of 1873
Crédit Mobilier
34
Whiskey Ring
Indian Ring
19. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881
Republican
VP - Wheeler
Major Items:
Bland-Allison Act, 1878 (free coinage of silver)
Troops withdrawn from the South, 1877
20. James A Garfield, March 4 to September 19, 1881
Republican
VP - Chester A. Arthur
Major Items:
Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau
21. Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885
Republican
Major Items:
Pendleton Act, 1883 (set up civil service commission)
22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889
Democrat
VP - Hendricks
Major Items:
Knights of Labor, 1886
Haymarket Riot, 1886
Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
Washburn v. Illinois, 1886
23. Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893
Republican
VP - Morton
Major Items:
Sherman Anti-trust Act, 1890
Populist Party Platform, 1892
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington become states, 1889
Idaho and Wyoming become states, 1890
McKinley Tariff, 1890
Sherman Act, 1890
24. Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897
VP - Stevenson
Major Items:
Panic of 1893
Hawaiian incident, 1893
Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895
Pullman Strike, 1894
American Federation of Labor
Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894
25. William McKinley, 1897-1901
Republican
VP - Garet Hobart, 1896-1900
VP - Theodore Roosevelt
Major Items:
35
New Imperialism
Spanish-American War, April 1898 - February 1899
Open Door Policy, 1899
Boxer Rebellion, 1900
McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, 1901
26. Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908
Republican
VP - Fairbanks
Major Items:
Panama Canal, 1903-1914
"Square Deal"
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904
Portsmouth Treaty, 1905
Gentleman's Agreement with Japan, 1904
Hepburn Act, 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and "muckrakers", 1906
Trust-busting
Coal Strike
Conservation
27. William Howard Taft, 1909-1913
Republican
VP - Sherman
Major Items:
Paine-Aldrich Tariff, 1909
Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909 (conservation v. reclamation)
"Dollar Diplomacy"
28. Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
Democrat
VP - Marshall
Major Items:
Underwood Tariff, 1913
16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments
Federal Reserve System, 1913
Federal trade Commission, 1914
Clayton Anti-trust Act, 1914
Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico
"Fourteen Points," January 1917
Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920
"New Freedom"
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