Download chapter 19 Respiratory

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Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
19
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19-1
Chapter 19
Respiratory System
Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the
atmosphere and body cells. Consists of the following
events:
• ventilation
• external respiration
• transport
• internal respiration
• cellular respiration
19-2
1. Gas exchange between the air in
the lungs and the blood is called
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
ventilation.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
cellular respiration.
Organs of the
Respiratory System
19-3
Upper Respiratory Tract
19-4
Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity
to the pharynx
19-5
Larynx
19-7
2. Which of these laryngeal cartilages occurs
singly rather than in pairs?
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
cricoid
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
Vocal Cords
19-8
3. The pitch of a vocal sound is
controlled by changing the
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
force of the air.
tension on the vocal cord.
size of the laryngeal cartilages.
shape of the laryngeal cartilages.
Trachea
Cross section of trachea
Wall of trachea
19-9
4. The trachea can be described as
• A. lined with a ciliated mucous membrane.
• B. including about 20 C-shaped cartilage
rings.
• C. a passageway for air.
• D. all the above.
Bronchial Tree
19-11
5. Changes in the structure of the respiratory
tube as the branches become finer include the
•
•
•
•
A. amount of cartilage increases.
B. muscular layer becomes less prominent.
C. elastic fubers decrease in quantity.
D. epithelial lining changes from
pseudostratified cilitaded columnar to
cuboidal and simple squamous.
Alveoli
19-12
Diffusion Through
Respiratory Membrane
Gases are exchanged between alveolar air and capillary
blood because of differences in partial pressure
19-34
Diffusion Across Respiratory
Membrane
19-13
Respiratory Membrane
• consists of the walls of the alveolus and the capillary
19-33
6. The respiratory membrane
consists of
• A. a single thickness of epithelial cells.
• B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and
a basement membrane.
• C. two thicknesses of epithelial cells.
• D. two thicknesses of epithelial cells and
basement membranes.
Location of Lungs
19-14
7. The right lung is composed of ____ lobes;
the left lung is composed of ____ lobes.
• A. superior, middle, and inferior; superior
and inferior
• B. superior and inferior; superior, middle,
and inferior
• C. anterior, posterior, and lateral; superior
and inferior
• D. superior, middle, and inferior; anterior
and posterior
Transverse Section of Lungs
19-15
Lungs at Rest
When lungs are at rest, the pressure on the inside of the
lungs is equal to the pressure on the outside of the thorax
19-16
Air Movements
• Moving the
plunger of a syringe
causes air to move in
or out
• Air movements in
and out of the lungs
occur in much the
same way
19-17
Inspiration
• Intra-alveolar
pressure decreases to
about 758mm Hg as
the thoracic cavity
enlarges
• Atmospheric
pressure forces air
into the airways
19-18
Maximal Inspiration
Thorax at end of
normal inspiration
Thorax at end of maximal inspiration
• aided by contraction of
sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor
muscles
19-19
Expiration
• due to elastic recoil of the lung tissues and abdominal organs
19-20
Maximal Expiration
• contraction of
abdominal wall
muscles
• contraction of
posterior internal
intercostal muscles
19-21
Respiratory Volumes
• tidal volume – volume moved in or out during a normal
breath
• inspiratory reserve volume – volume that can be inhaled
during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
• expiratory reserve volume – volume that can be exhaled
during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
• residual volume – volume that remains in lungs at all
times
19-22
8. The volume of air that enters (or leaves)
during a single respiratory cycle is termed
•
•
•
•
A. IRV.
B. VC.
C. TV.
D. ERV.
Respiratory Capacities
• inspiratory capacity = TV + IRV
• functional residual capacity = ERV + RV
• vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
• total lung capacity = VC + RV
19-23
Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
19-24
9. Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which
one has the largest volume?
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
Expiratory reserve volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume.
Vital capacity.
Tidal volume.
Alveolar Ventilation
minute ventilation
• tidal volume
multiplied by
breathing rate
• amount of air that is
moved into the
respiratory
passageways
alveolar ventilation rate
• major factor affecting
concentrations of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the
alveoli
• volume of air that
reaches alveoli
• tidal volume minus
physiologic dead space
then multiplied by
breathing rate
19-25
Respiratory Center
19-27
Respiratory Center
19-28
10. The portion of the respiratory center that
is responsible for establishing the basic
pattern of breathing is the
• A. apneustic area.
• B. rhythmicity area.
• C. pneumotaxic area.
• D. inspiratory area.
Factors Affecting Breathing
Decreased blood
oxygen concentration
stimulates peripheral
chemoreceptors in the
carotid and aortic
bodies
19-29
11. The chemoreceptors in the carotid and
aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in
blood
• A. Carbon dioxide concentration.
• B. Hydrogen ion concentration.
• C. Oxygen concentration.
• D. Bicarbonate ion concentration.
Factors Affecting Breathing
• motor impulses travel from the
respiratory center to the
diaphragm and external
intercostal muscles
• contraction of these muscles
causes lungs to expand
• expansion stimulates stretch
receptors in the lungs
• inhibitory impulses from
receptors to respiratory center
prevent overinflation of lungs
19-30
Oxygen Transport
• Most oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
• Oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen in the regions of body cells
• Much oxygen is still bound to hemoglobin in the venous blood
19-35
Oxygen Release
Amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases as
• partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
• the blood pH decreases
• blood temperature increases
19-36
Carbon Dioxide Transport
• dissolved in plasma
• combined with hemoglobin
• in the form of bicarbonate ions
19-37
Carbon Dioxide in Lungs
19-39
Chloride Shift
• bicarbonate ions diffuse out RBCs
• chloride ions from plasma diffuse into RBCs
• electrical balance is maintained
19-38
12. Increasing blood concentration of carbon
dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon
the respiratory center due to
• A. Their similarity in chemical structure,
thereby inhibiting the respiratory rate.
• B. Both chemically bonding together,
thereby increasing the respiratory rate.
• C. An increase in carbon dioxidee, thereby
resulting in an increase in hydrogen ions.
• D. Both causing an increase in pH, thereby
inhibiting the respiratory center.
13. The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
on the respiratory center are similar because
• A. both cause a reaction in the oxygen
concentration.
• B. both are positively charged.
• C. hydrogen ions combine with water to
form carbon dioxide.
• D. carbon dioxide combines with water to
corm carbonic acid.
14. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase
causes…
• A. Carbon dioxide to react with water.
• B. Carbon dioxide to react with bicarbonate
ions.
• C. Water to react with bicarbonate ions.
• Dl water to react with hydrogen ions.
• End of lecture