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Earth’s Layers p.3 Basic Inner Earth Characteristics – Temperature increases with depth – Pressure increases with depth – Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle, outer core, inner core, crust Earth’s Layers p.3 Basic Inner Earth Characteristics – Temperature increases with depth – Pressure increases with depth – Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle, outer core, inner core, crust Inner Earth Layers (IOMC - I Owe Ms. C.) – Inner Core • Phase: Solid • Elements: Iron & Nickel • Temperature: 5000°C & up – Outer Core • Phase: Liquid • Elements: Iron & Nickel • Responsible for magnetic field! • Temperature: 5000°C -2000°C Mantle – Phase: Solid – Elements: silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium – Temperature: 2270°C - 870°C – Asthenosphere/Upper Mantle: Acts like a liquid (cornstarch & water) – Crust • Phase: Solid • Elements: silicon & oxygen • Temperature: 870°C – daily weather • Types of Crust – Oceanic (rock beneath ocean) » 8 km thick » Density: 3.2 g/cm3 – Continental (beneath continents) » 30-70 km thick » Density: 2.7 g/cm3 Kahoot It Review Game https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/51af86f0-8b454475-ac4c-6bb911302795 Evidence for Continental Drift Fossil Evidence – Glossopteris (fern): found on S. America, Africa, India, Antarctica & Australia – Lystrosaurus (reptile): found in Africa, Antarctica, & India – Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile): found in Africa & S. America Rock Evidence – Mountain range formation same on S. America & Africa – Rocks similar in S. America & Africa Glacial Evidence – Glacial movement in India , Africa, & S. America can only be done if the continents were positioned differently Notice the Glacial Scratch Marks! Pangea!!! The SUPERCONTINENT! Plate Tectonics – Earth’s Plates Plate Boundaries Basics – Seven major plates – Plates are continually moving (mean: 5cm/yr) and change shape and size – Plates = lithosphere • crust & upper upper mantle • sitting on top of the asthenosphere (which acts similar to cornstarch and water) What are the 3 ways the plates can move? Transform Boundary Plates slide past each other!! This creates earthquakes! Notice how the plates are still touching each other! The drawing on the lefts is a left lateral fault. It is named this way because if you stand on one plate the other is going to the left. California! No not at a transform boundary Yes – all boundaries have EQ DIVERGENT BOUNDARY PROCESS Divergent Boundary Plates Split Apart!!! Oceanic plates split apart – makes a ridge ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge – Atlantic Ocean Continental plates split apart – make a rift valley ex: Great Rift Valley – Africa Earthquakes Created – Remember these happen every time a plate moves! Volcanic Activity Can Occur- where the crust is splitting apart! Divergent Boundaries – Ridge Creates a Country! Iceland 1980 ERUPTION OF KRAFLA VOLCANO MAP OF ICELAND SHOWING LOCATION OF MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE NEAR REYKJAVEK, ICELAND LEFT OF FISSURE IS NORTH AMERICAN PLATE AND EURASIAN PLATE IS ON THE RIGHT The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Divergent Boundary Great Rift Valley - Africa What types of plates are meeting? Convergent Boundary Oceanic vs. Continental • More dense oceanic plate subducts (goes under) the less dense (sponge bob like) continental plate! • Creates volcanic mountains!! • Example: Andes Mountains (along S. America) & Mt. Rainier (WA) Convergent Boundary Oceanic vs. Oceanic • More dense of oceanic plates subducts (goes under) the other oceanic plate • Creates volcanic islands • Examples: Japan, Philippines •Pacific Ocean – Ring of Fire: called this because of VOLCANOES! Convergent Boundaries Pacific Ocean-Ring of Fire Volcanoes! Convergent Boundary Continental vs. Continental • Plates pushes up on each other • Creates mountains • Example: India crashed into Asia – creating Himalayans India Plays Bumper Cars! INDIAN PLATE MOVEMENT India’s Bumper Cars - Replay INDIAN - EURASIAN CONVERGENCE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN BUILDING INDIAN -EURASIAN CONVERGENCE Putting Divergent & Convergent Boundaries Together What Causes All This????????? CONVECTION IN THE UPPER MANTLE (asthenosphere) Kahoot It Review Game Why Volcanoes Erupt! 1. Density • Lower density mamga rises (like oil/vinegar) • Temperature & Composition of magma affect density 2. Pressure • As magma rises, bubbles start to form from the dissolved gas in the magma which exerts pressure • Pressure aids in bringing the magma to the surface (like opening a shaken soda bottle) Pompeii Model of Eruption Volcano Parts Pyroclastic Flow Crater (lips) Side Vent Vent Lava Pipe Magma Magma Chamber Volcano Types & Characteristics Shield Volcano • Shape: Flat • Lava Type: fluid & dark color • Ex: Hawaii • Made At: hot spots and divergent boundaries Cinder Volcano • • • • Shape: narrow base and steep sides Lava Type: thick & light in color Ex: Paricutin, Mexico Made At: convergent boundary c vs. o Cinder Cone Volcano Crater Layers of Cinders Sunset Crater Central Vent Sunset Crater – a cinder cone near Flagstaff, Arizona • Stratovolcano/Composite • Shape: steep sides • Lava Type: very thick, little runny • Ex: Mt. Fuji (Japan) & Mt. Rainier (WA) RING OF FIRE!! (Pacific) • Made At: convergent boundary Central Vent Lava Layers Crater Ash Layers Composite Volcano Mt. Hood Mt. St. Helens – a typical composite volcano Mt. St. Helens following the 1980 eruption A size comparison of the three types of volcanoes Hot Spots: “Lady Gaga” of convection currents; an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it! ex: Hawaii & Canary Islands (off coast of Africa) Hot Spot Video Link Dots = Hot Spots! Kahoot It Review Game Earthquakes! Earthquake: movement of Earth’s plates (along a fault or plate boundary) that occurs when rocks suddenly break or release stored energy – Can have foreshocks (EQ’s before) or aftershocks (EQ’s after) – Occur mostly at plate boundaries, but also occur along faults Earthquake Parts Fault Epicenter Fault Focus Seismic Waves Focus: where the EQ starts (in Earth) Epicenter: point above focus on the surface above where the EQ starts Fault: crack within a plate Most EQ happen at plate boundaries, but we are most affected by faults! Seismic Waves vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake P - Primary Waves/Longitudinal – Moves like a “Plinky” (slinky); compress/expand – Fastest wave – Goes through solids and liquids – How sound travels S - Secondary Waves/Transverse – Moves like a snake – Second fastest wave – Goes through solids but NOT liquids – How light travels L - Surface Waves – Moves in loops/circles (combo of P & S) – Slowest wave – Causes the most damage Earthquake Hazards Ground Movement (due to seismic waves) – – – – Broken gas & power lines -> fire Building destroyed Landslides Liquefaction: shaking of soils that brings water from below ground to the surface and causes buildings to sink LINK Tsunamis (caused by ground movement) – “Killer wave” – EQ pushes land up, which pushes water up – When water reaches coastline, water rises very high, very quickly – Tsunamis Warning System is NOW international due to SE Asia Tsunamis – Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_profilepage&v=tUN_UTY0GNo