Download Day 1 Review - Ms. Canizares

Earth’s Layers p.3

Basic Inner Earth Characteristics
– Temperature increases with depth
– Pressure increases with depth
– Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle,
outer core, inner core, crust
Earth’s Layers p.3

Basic Inner Earth Characteristics
– Temperature increases with depth
– Pressure increases with depth
– Thickest layers to thinnest: mantle,
outer core, inner core, crust

Inner Earth Layers (IOMC - I Owe Ms.
C.)
– Inner Core
• Phase: Solid
• Elements: Iron & Nickel
• Temperature: 5000°C & up
– Outer Core
• Phase: Liquid
• Elements: Iron & Nickel
• Responsible for magnetic field!
• Temperature: 5000°C -2000°C

Mantle
– Phase: Solid
– Elements: silicon, oxygen, iron,
magnesium
– Temperature: 2270°C - 870°C
– Asthenosphere/Upper Mantle: Acts
like a liquid (cornstarch & water)
– Crust
• Phase: Solid
• Elements: silicon & oxygen
• Temperature: 870°C – daily
weather
• Types of Crust
– Oceanic (rock beneath ocean)
» 8 km thick
» Density: 3.2 g/cm3
– Continental (beneath continents)
» 30-70 km thick
» Density: 2.7 g/cm3
Kahoot It Review Game

https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/51af86f0-8b454475-ac4c-6bb911302795
Evidence for Continental Drift

Fossil Evidence
– Glossopteris (fern): found on S.
America, Africa, India,
Antarctica & Australia
– Lystrosaurus (reptile): found in
Africa, Antarctica, & India
– Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile):
found in Africa & S. America
Rock Evidence
– Mountain range
formation same
on S. America &
Africa
– Rocks similar in S.
America & Africa
 Glacial Evidence
– Glacial movement in India , Africa,
& S. America can only be done if
the continents were positioned
differently

Notice the Glacial Scratch
Marks!
Pangea!!!
The SUPERCONTINENT!
Plate Tectonics – Earth’s Plates
Plate Boundaries

Basics
– Seven major plates
– Plates are continually moving (mean:
5cm/yr) and change shape and size
– Plates = lithosphere
• crust & upper upper mantle
• sitting on top of the asthenosphere (which acts
similar to cornstarch and water)
What are the 3 ways the plates
can move?
Transform Boundary
Plates slide past each other!! This creates earthquakes!
Notice how the plates are still touching each other!
The drawing on the lefts is a left lateral fault. It is named
this way because if you stand on one plate the other is going
to the left.
California!
No not at a transform boundary
Yes – all boundaries have EQ
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
PROCESS
Divergent Boundary
Plates Split Apart!!!
Oceanic plates split apart – makes a ridge
ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge – Atlantic Ocean
Continental plates split apart – make a rift valley
ex: Great Rift Valley – Africa
Earthquakes Created – Remember
these happen every time a plate moves!
 Volcanic Activity Can Occur- where
the crust is splitting apart!

Divergent Boundaries –
Ridge Creates a Country! Iceland
1980 ERUPTION OF
KRAFLA VOLCANO
MAP OF ICELAND SHOWING
LOCATION OF MID-ATLANTIC
RIDGE
MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE NEAR
REYKJAVEK, ICELAND
LEFT OF FISSURE IS
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
AND EURASIAN PLATE
IS ON THE RIGHT
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Divergent Boundary
Great Rift Valley - Africa
What types of plates are meeting?
Convergent Boundary
Oceanic vs. Continental
• More dense oceanic plate subducts (goes under) the less
dense (sponge bob like) continental plate!
• Creates volcanic mountains!!
• Example: Andes Mountains (along S. America) & Mt.
Rainier (WA)
Convergent Boundary
Oceanic vs. Oceanic
• More dense of oceanic plates subducts (goes under) the
other oceanic plate
• Creates volcanic islands
• Examples: Japan, Philippines
•Pacific Ocean – Ring of Fire: called this because of
VOLCANOES!
Convergent Boundaries
Pacific Ocean-Ring of Fire
Volcanoes!
Convergent Boundary
Continental vs. Continental
• Plates pushes up on each other
• Creates mountains
• Example: India crashed into
Asia – creating Himalayans
India Plays Bumper Cars!
INDIAN PLATE MOVEMENT
India’s Bumper Cars - Replay
INDIAN - EURASIAN CONVERGENCE
HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN BUILDING
INDIAN -EURASIAN CONVERGENCE
Putting Divergent &
Convergent Boundaries Together
What Causes All This?????????
CONVECTION IN
THE UPPER
MANTLE
(asthenosphere)
Kahoot It Review Game
Why Volcanoes Erupt!
1. Density
• Lower density mamga rises (like
oil/vinegar)
• Temperature & Composition of
magma affect density
2. Pressure
• As magma rises, bubbles start to
form from the dissolved gas in the
magma which exerts pressure
• Pressure aids in bringing the
magma to the surface (like
opening a shaken soda bottle)
Pompeii Model of Eruption
Volcano Parts
Pyroclastic Flow
Crater (lips)
Side Vent
Vent
Lava
Pipe
Magma
Magma Chamber
Volcano Types & Characteristics
Shield Volcano
• Shape: Flat
• Lava Type: fluid & dark color
• Ex: Hawaii
• Made At: hot spots and divergent
boundaries

Cinder Volcano
•
•
•
•
Shape: narrow base and steep sides
Lava Type: thick & light in color
Ex: Paricutin, Mexico
Made At: convergent boundary c vs. o
Cinder Cone Volcano
Crater
Layers of Cinders
Sunset Crater
Central Vent
Sunset Crater – a cinder cone near
Flagstaff, Arizona
• Stratovolcano/Composite
• Shape: steep sides
• Lava Type: very thick, little runny
• Ex: Mt. Fuji (Japan) & Mt. Rainier (WA)
RING OF FIRE!! (Pacific)
• Made At: convergent boundary
Central Vent
Lava Layers
Crater
Ash Layers
Composite Volcano
Mt. Hood
Mt. St. Helens – a typical
composite volcano
Mt. St. Helens following the
1980 eruption
A size comparison of the three
types of volcanoes
Hot Spots: “Lady Gaga” of convection
currents; an area where magma from
deep within the mantle melts through
the crust above it!
ex: Hawaii & Canary Islands (off coast
of Africa)
Hot Spot Video Link
Dots = Hot Spots!
Kahoot It Review Game
Earthquakes!

Earthquake: movement of Earth’s plates
(along a fault or plate boundary) that occurs
when rocks suddenly break or release
stored energy
– Can have foreshocks (EQ’s before) or
aftershocks (EQ’s after)
– Occur mostly at plate boundaries, but
also occur along faults
Earthquake Parts

Fault
Epicenter
Fault

Focus
Seismic Waves

Focus: where the EQ
starts (in Earth)
Epicenter: point above
focus on the surface
above where the EQ
starts
Fault: crack within a
plate
Most EQ happen at plate
boundaries, but we are
most affected by
faults!
Seismic Waves
vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy
released during an earthquake
P - Primary Waves/Longitudinal
– Moves like a “Plinky” (slinky);
compress/expand
– Fastest wave
– Goes through solids and liquids
– How sound travels
S - Secondary Waves/Transverse
– Moves like a snake
– Second fastest wave
– Goes through solids but NOT liquids
– How light travels
L - Surface Waves
– Moves in loops/circles (combo of P & S)
– Slowest wave
– Causes the most damage
Earthquake Hazards

Ground Movement (due to seismic waves)
–
–
–
–
Broken gas & power lines -> fire
Building destroyed
Landslides
Liquefaction: shaking of soils that brings
water from below ground to the surface and
causes buildings to sink LINK

Tsunamis (caused by ground movement)
– “Killer wave”
– EQ pushes land up, which pushes water up
– When water reaches coastline, water rises
very high, very quickly
– Tsunamis Warning System is NOW
international due to SE Asia Tsunamis
– Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play
er_profilepage&v=tUN_UTY0GNo