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Name Cla'3s -------- Date ------- Section 1 Review SECTION VOCABULARY body wave a seismic wave that travels through P wave a primary wave, or compression W8veL . a seismic wave,that causes partieles of ,to the body of a medium move ina back:'and~fbrth direttionpar .tol;; earthquake a mo~emen~ortrerT!bling of the the directi.on ·inwhich.the wave .i~traverini: .....•... :. ground that is caused.bya sudden release of energy when rocks along afault move shadow. zone an area on EarthrssUffacew~ere.;\: no. direct seismic wave~ frQm~. partkul~r ',:'.' ,.:.:. elastic rebound thesvdder:heturn of elasticallY earthquClkecan be detected; . . . ( i ' ; , ...••....... defor'lleqrofktt) its undeformed shape. surface wave a seismicwave that travels alohg eplcentel". the, P9int~ 0",. Earth'ssurf(!cedireCtly . . the surface of medium and that has it stron~ above an earthquakEf5staiting point, or focus. ger effect near the surface of the medium than fault zone a region ofnumerol!s, doselyspaced it has in the interior faults . 5 wa~, a secondary wave, or shear' wave;i! sei~h • focusthelocationwit9in Ea~halongflfallit at mit wave that causespartides9f rot~ tomoY~) which the first motion: of an'earthquake occurs in a side-to-side.dire9iion p~rpendfculattq'the. : direction invvhichthe.wave is~ra'(eling , , ' .. , a «: /",1 ~/,2J->, 1. Describe Relationships How is elastic rebound related to earthquakes? 2. Explain Why do most earthquakes happen at plate boundaries? 3. Compare Desclibe three differences between P waves and S waves. 4. Describe What are shadow zones, and why do they exist? COPYlight Ii) Holt :McDougaL ;\11 lights reserved, Holt McDougal Earth Science 180 Earthquakes Name - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Class Section 2 Review SECTION VOCABULARY intensity in Earth science, the amount of dama&e caused by an earthquake ma,","qdea measure of the strength of an I earthquake . seismogram a tracing of earthquake motion. that is re<;orded by a seismograph seismograph an instrument that records vibrations in the ground 1. Describe Relationships How are a seismograph and a seismogram related? 2. Explain Two different cities experienced the same earthquake. In one city, scien tists said that the earthquake had a level V intensity. In the other city, scientists said that the earthquake had a level \ill intensity. Explain how this could be true. 3. Describe How do scientists find the location of an e31thquake's epicenter? 4. Apply Concepts An e31ihquake affected the to~rns of Quakeville and Shaketown. Quakeville was closer to the epicenter than Shaketown was. The seismogram on the left is from Quakeville. The picture on the right shows p31i; of the seismogram from Shaketown. Complete the seismogram from Shaketown. Seismogram from Quakeville P waves I Seismogram from Shaketown S waves arrive~ I I o I 2 I 4 I I I I I 6 7 8 9 10 I 3 Time in minutes after earthquake Copyright «') I 4 I 6 I 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 f 12 I 13 Time in minutes after earthquake Holt xlcDougal. Ail lights reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 184 Earthquakes NAME _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ DATE _ _ _ _-,--_ CLASS _ _ _ _ _ _ __ REINFORCEMENT Earthquake Information " 7S The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary waves. Primary and secondary wa.ves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow. 22 V 20 18 14 CD 12 - E E ~fII / ~ ~~ (JO C:Jqj 10 I / a ~ . ~~i ~~"e~ v- / ~~\~ /' / 1/ / 4 2 / / 6 ( V ~?!)/ ;; Gi > / ~tti/ 16 - .s /' !V V o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance traveled (1000 km units) 1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2000 kilometers? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2000 kilometers? 3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 minutes? 4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 minutes? 5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance traveled gets longer? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both traveled a distance of 5000 kilometers before they are picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will, arrive first? 7. How much time lag at 5000 km will there be between these two waves? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~.. 8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 minutes. Which wave will travel farther? Copyright Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw·HiII Users of Merrill Earth Science have the publisher's permission 10 reproduce this page. 59 Name ----------------------------- Class ------- Date ------ Section 3 Review SECTION VOCABULARY a seismic gap." ~tl a~e~"<aI9~~ ~ !~!Jltwhe!.eJ ~ tsunami , gi~nt ocea'n w~v~ th~tlotni~ aftet.a:;' ': refatively f~"";,ei,trthq~akesn~ve. o,c:curre~~;;,~ '. ', ' i\ ' '(orc~nlt eruptioFj; submarineiearitt1qoak~, or t ' c _ rec~ntty' ~Vt vi{.Qere ~{1g eartnq~~k~s ~.:e,:~ known to: h~ve ecciJ(red inJ~¢ : pasr- ',-, >~:" c • • ' c C '.: • _ _:' ~ittldslide' i . r.' ' /' , . ' ,J t., 1. Explain What causes a tsunami? 2. Describe What are seismic gaps, and why are they important? 3. Identify What are two ways an earthquake can damage a building? 4. Infer Scientists examined the rocks at a fault zone, and they predicted that an earthquake might happen there. What do you think they found? 5. Identify In the table below, list steps that people who live in areas that have high earthquake-hazard levels should take. List at least two steps in each box. Before an Earthquake Copyright © Holt M cDougaL All rights Holt McDougal Earth Science During an Earthquake After an Earthquake r~serv~d . 188 Earthquakes Naill(:' Class ----------------------------- --------- Date ------- Section 2 Review SECTION VOCABULARY caldera a large, circular depression that forms when the magma·chamber .Delow a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above . to sink felsic describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color .. . mafic describes magma or igneolls.rock that is rich irunagnesium-and irQnand;tha~j~ . generally dark in color . pyroclastic material fragments of rock that form during a volcanic· eruption . 1. Explain Why does felsic lava produce explosive enlptions more often than mafic lava does? 2. Compare Give one similarity and one difference between lapilli and volcanic blocks. 3. Describe How do calderas form? Which would be more likely to increase the steepness of a volcanic cone--a quiet eruption or an explosive eruption? Explain your answer. 4. Infer 5. Explain Scientists today are studying many active volcanoes around the world. They are even studying volcanoes that have not erupted for htmdreds or thousands of years. What is the most likely reason they are studying these volcanoes? Copyright © Holt ;\kDougaL All righL., reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 200 - -- Volcanoes ------ Name ------------------ ( 'lass - ------- Date ------- Section 1 Review SECTION VOCABULARY hot spot a volcanically active area of Earthts surface,: commonly feu from'a t,ectonic plate boundary, .volcanism any activity that includes the ', ' movement of magma toward or onto,Earth's. ' ~~re ' lava magma that flows onto Earth's surface; the rock that forms~he~ coolsahd solidifies :Iava . . , volcano ' a vent or fissure in Earth's surface_, through whiCh magma an,d gases are expelled ' . magma, Iiquid,rockpr6duce4 underEi;}rth'~ surface ' , ' ': ' . ,' , . ' . • I , . I • • , 1 'E~ · .· 1. Define In your own words, define volcanism. 2. Describe Complete the table below to describe how volcanoes form in different are a..,. Place Where Volcanoes Form Description Why Magma Forms There Subduction zones A mantle plume rises to the surface. Two plates move apart. As the plates move apart, the pressure on the rock below decreases. The decreased pressure causes the rock to melt. 3. Compare \Vhat is the main difference between how a pluton forms and how a volcano forms? The map below shows the locations of many volcanoes. On the map, circle three volcanoes that are probably found at hot spots. 4. Apply Concepts Copyright © Holt ;\!cDol1gaL All rights reserved . Holt McDougal Earth Science 194 Volcanoes