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Transcript
I. Ancient Egypt A. “The Gift of the Nile” B. Nile flows northward >4,000 miles and empties into Mediterranean Sea. 1. Where the Nile empties into the Med, it forms a triangular territory called a delta. Upper and Lower Egypt • In 3000 BC, Egypt was formed from two kingdoms, Upper Egypt (the south) and Lower Egypt (the delta region). Upper and Lower Egypt (don’t write notes) • The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia: the hedjet or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the deshret or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the pschent, a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms. 2. The Nile flooded in summer, receded in fall. The floods left behind rich soil called silt. Picture of the Nile from space 3. Farmers in the Nile Valley grew a surplus, which made Egypt prosperous. The river was also the fastest way to travel. North winds pushed sailboats south (upstream). B. Religion 1. Egyptians were polytheistic and believed in sun gods and land gods. Egypt depended on the sun and the land! The ruler of Egypt was called the “son of Ra.” Ra, the creator, travelled by boat. Why? 2. The Story of Osiris a) Osiris - God who brought civilization to Egypt 1) Osiris’s brother cut Osiris into pieces and tossed them into the Nile. 2) Osiris’s wife Isis found the pieces and helped bring Osiris back to life. People identified with Osiris, because he resurrected. They hoped to do the same! 3) This story symbolizes the rebirth Egyptians hoped to gain after death. Do other religions believe in rebirth or life after death? Osiris judging whether people gain entrance to the underworld C. Hieroglyphic writing – Ancient Egyptian writing system. Used on temple walls and in tombs. 1. Hieratic Script-Was a simpler form of hieroglyphics 2. Papyrus - Hieratic script was written on papyrus scrolls. Paper made from papyrus reeds that grow along Nile. The Rosetta Stone (no notes) • The Rosetta Stone allowed the decipherment of hieroglyphics • It was inscribed with Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphic, and demotic (a form of hieratic) D. Old Kingdom (2700 B.C. - 2200 B.C.) Pharaohs ruled Egypt. Pharaohs had absolute power, but received help from government bureaucracy. Pharaohs were monarchs; they alone had power. 1. Bureaucracy - An organization with officials and regular procedures. Egypt’s 42 provinces were ruled by governors. 2. The Pyramids – The burial chambers of the pharaohs. Located mostly west of the Nile, so the pharaoh could join the setting sun in its descent. a) Tombs - Contained rooms stocked with supplies, including chairs, boats, weapons, games, dishes, and foods. Egyptians believed human beings had two bodies - a physical and spiritual one, which they called ka. If the physical body was preserved and the tomb furnished with all objects of life, the ka could return. The spiritual ka could then continue its life. b) Mummification - A process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting. Steps: 1) Workers first removed the liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines and placed them in jars that were put in the tomb with the mummy. 2) Next, they covered the corpse with a natural salt that absorbed the body’s water. Later, they filled the body with spices and wrapped it with layers of linen soaked in resin. At the end of 70 days, a lifelike mask was placed over the head and shoulders of the mummy. D. The Middle Kingdom (2055 B.C.E.-1650 B.C.E.)The pharaohs: – Built the Canal of Pharaohs that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea Canal – a man-made waterway – Drained swampland in the Nile Delta The Hyksos • The Hyksos are a mysterious invader; they conquered the Middle Kingdom • They used chariots and bronze weapons • They taught the Egyptians the use of bronze • After a hundred yrs., the Egyptians regained their kingdom F. The New Kingdom (1550 B.C.-1070 B.C.) - A period of great wealth. Ramses II, built great temples. For instance, he built the mortuary temple called Ramesseum at Thebes.