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Transcript
Ecology Vocabulary 1. biotic: living things (you, plant, bacteria) 2. abiotic: non-living things (sunlight, temperature, water, air) 3. niche: a specific organsism’s habitat and lifestyle 4. predator: eats prey (lion) 5. prey: eaten by predator (gazelle, mouse) 6. symbiosis: relationship between 2 different species 7. mutualism: relationship in which both organisms benefit (+, +); bee and flower 8. parasitism: relationship in which one organism benefits and one is harmed (+. -); tick 9. commensalism: relationship in which one organism is benefited, while the other is left unharmed (+, 0); moss on a tree. 10. limiting factors: things that limit the size of a population (climate, food, predation) 11. carrying capacity: maximum number of organisms an environment can support 12. producer: makes sugars for food; autotroph (plants, algae) 13. consumer: must eat other organisms for food; heterotroph (mouse, human) 14. decomposer: breaks down and recycles dead organisms (bacteria, fungus) 15. trophic level: level on an energy pyramid (producers, primary consumer…) 16. herbivore: only eats plants (rabbit) 17. carnivore: only eats animals (lion) 18. omnivore: eats plants and animals (bear) 19. Ecology: The study of ecosystems 20. Ecosystem: How organisms/communities (biotic) interact with their environment (abiotic). 21. Habitat: The location where an organism lives 22. Niche: An organisms role (herbivore, scavenger, decomposer) 23. Biodiversity: A measurement of the number of different organisms living in a specific area. 24. Food chain: The energy flow between trophic levels (primary producers, primary consumers. secondary consumers…)usually made up of 4 or 5 links (each link is a organism). 25. Food web: made up of food chains. It also represents Predator/prey relationships (who eats who). 26. Pioneer Species: the first organisms to live in a new habitat; usually small, fast growing plants 27. Climax community: An stable community achieved after succession. 28. Succession: The gradual change of an ecosystem to a more stable one (an established forest). 29. Primary Succession: The gradual growth of organism in areas where they have not grown before (ex: volcanoes, receding glaciers) 30. Secondary Succession: The gradual growth of organisms in areas where there has been previous growth, but was destroyed or disturbed. (ex: forest fires, forest clearings) 31. Biomass: the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem 32. Coevolution: Gradual change over a long period of time, in two or more organism and the way they interact. 33. Nutrification/ Eutrophication. Excess nutrients are introduced into ecosystems causing overpopulation of some species and therefore affecting everything else. Levels of structure Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere. Biomes: A region characterized by a specific type of climate, plants and animals communities. Tropical Rain forest: - High Biodeversity, no real seasons, located along the equator. Rainfall: An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to 660 cm.) of rain falls yearly. Temperature and Climate: The temperature in a rain forest rarely gets higher than 93 °F or drops below 68 °F; it is very humid. Layers: The Rainforest layers are known as the emergent, upper canopy (most organisms live here), understory, and forest floor. Plant adaptations: leafs are waxy and have channels to get rid-off excess water, aerial plants, and vines. Forest floor is very humid and does not get much sunlight. Animal adaptations: Most are small, very colorful (they may be venomous). Deciduous Forest/ Temperate Forest This is the biome we live in. Deciduous – Lose their leaves during fall. Rainfall: The average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches a year. Temperature and Climate: The average annual temperature in a deciduous forest is 50° F with four separate seasons. Plant adaptation: Trees loose their leaves Animal adaptation: Animals get thick fur, migrate, or hibernate. Dry Desert - Hot during the day, very cold during the night Rainfall: Low rainfall, typically less than 10 inches per year. Temperature and Climate: Average summer temperature is 100o F, winter and evening temperatures can be as low as 45o F. Plant adaptation: Plants don’t have leaves (cactus) to reduce evaporation, adapted to conserve and retain water. Animal adaptation: Most as nocturnal, adapted for the extreme heat and low water. Tundra - The tundra has permafrost (soil that is frozen year round). This makes it impossible for trees to grow in the Tundra. Rainfall: Average of 12 – 20 inches of rain annually. Temperature and Climate: Very cold, temperature ranges from -10o – 50o F. Plant adaptation: small plants can grow during the warm season. Animal Adaptation: Animals have thick fur/layer of fat, hibernation. Coat color may be white. Grasslands - Soil in Grassland biomes is thin and does not support many trees. There is a wet season and a dry season. Trees may not survive the dry season or the fires. Rainfall: Average annual rainfall is 10 – 29 in. sometimes with long periods of no rain. Temperature and Climate: Temperature ranges from 32oF – 85oF. Plant adaptation: most grasses, plants grow in groups. Animal adaptation: Large animals (elephant, lion, zebras), camouflage. Taiga/ Coniferous Forest - Referred to as Coniferous forests because of the high numbers of Conifer (Gymnosperm) trees. Pine trees. Rainfall: Annual rainfall ranges from 14 – 30 in. Temperature and Climate: Typically have long, cold winters, temperature ranges from 14o F – 50o F. Plant adaptation: Trees are evergreens (pine trees), their shape helps them remove snow. Plant adaptation: Triangular shape of pine trees, needles for leaves (they last for 1.5 – 40 years). Animal adaptation: Thick fur, camouflage, migration. Marine - Includes coral reefs, estuaries and oceans. - Covers approximately 75% of the Earth (all salt water). - Phytoplankton and kelp produce 50% of the worlds oxygen. - Most land animals do not interact with marine biomes because of high salt (they can’t drink marine water). - Temperature remains constant due to water. Fresh Water - Less than 1% salt concentration. - Includes ponds, lakes, rivers, streams and wetlands. - Land animals interact and depend on fresh water biomes. Food Web - Each organism is a link. The way the arrows point is very important. decomposer Sun Energy pyramid - 10% rule. Only 10 percent of the total energy is transfer as you go up the trophic levels (ex. if the producers have 1000 points of energy, only 10% of that energy is transferred to the primary consumers and so on). Least energy 1 10 100 1000 Most energy Types of Consumers: Herbivores- eat plants Carnivores- eat other Omnivores- eat both plants animals and animals Scavengers – eat dead Decomposers – break down animals dead organisms Succession Primary Succession - Takes a long time - Soil needs to form - No previous life Pioneer organisms Lichens, moss Climax community Secondary Succession -After a disaster (fire, flood) - Life before disaster -Recovers faster - Soil already established Pioneer organisms Grasses, weeds (small Fast growing plants) Climax community Primary Succession Differences Secondary Succession Pioneer Organism Differences Climax Community