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The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes 2-1 The Skeletal System The five functions of the skeletal system are: 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________ The 26 small bones that make up the backbone are called ______________________________. The Structure of Bones An outer ___________________________________ covers the bone. A layer of __________________________________ bone is underneath. Small _____________________________ run through the compact bone carrying blood vessels and nerves. ______________________ bone is found at the ends and just inside the compact bone. _________________________ is the soft tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone. It produces _______________________________________________________________. The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes How Bones Form _________________________ is connective tissue that is more flexible than bone. As a person grows, most cartilage is replaced by ___________________________. Joints of the Skeleton ____________________________: A place in your body where 2 or more bones come together. ________________________________________: Allow little or no movement. List the 4 types of Moveable Joints: 1. ________________________________________ Ex: shoulder or hip 2. ________________________________________ Ex: knee or elbow 3. ________________________________________ Ex: neck 4. ________________________________________ Ex: wrist or ankle ________________________________: Strong connective tissue that holds together the bones in a moveable joint. Taking Care of Your Bones To keep your bones healthy, eat a ___________________________________ diet with enough ____________________________ and _________________________________ and get plenty of regular ________________________________________. ________________________________________________: A condition in which the body’s bones become weak due to mineral loss and, therefore break easily. The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes 2-2 Diagnosing Bone & Joint Injuries Common Skeletal System Injuries _________________________________: A break in a bone. _________________________________: An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far & tear. _________________________________: An injury in which a bone comes out of its joint. X-Rays – A Look Inside the Body ____________________________: A form of energy that travels in waves that can pass through some living tissue, but not through bone. Drawbacks of x-rays: 1. Cannot be used to view injuries of ___________________________________________. 2. The energy in x-rays can damage ____________________________________________. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ___________________________: A method for taking clear images of both the bones and soft tissues of the body. Advantages of MRI: 1. _______________________________________________________________________. 2. _______________________________________________________________________. 3. _______________________________________________________________________. Disadvantage of MRI: ___________________________________________________________ The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes Arthroscopy Inserting a slim _____________________________ into a small incision of a joint to see what’s wrong. After a diagnosis, tiny ________________________________ are inserted into a 2 nd incision to make the repairs. Preventing Skeletal System Injuries Preventative measures: 1. ________________________________ before exercising. 2. Wearing appropriate ___________________________________________. 3. Exercising in _______________________________ places. The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes 2-3 The Muscular System Muscle Action _________________________________: Muscles that are not under conscious control. _________________________________: Muscles that are under conscious control. Types of Muscles ________________________________: A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton; are sometimes called striated muscle; are voluntary muscles; react quickly but also tire quickly. ________________________________: Strong connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. ________________________________: Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; are not striated; react more slowly and tire more slowly. ________________________________: Muscle found only in the heart; is involuntary; is striated; does not tire (can contract repeatedly). Muscles at Work Because muscle cells can only ___________________________ not extend, ___________________________ muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes Taking Care of Your Skeletal Muscles ______________________________ is important to maintain muscle. In order to protect your muscles & tendons you should ___________________________ before exercise and wear _________________________________. Strained or pulled muscles, overstretched or torn tendons, & muscle cramps are all types of___________________________________________________. 2-4 The Skin The skin is the largest _______________________________ in the human body. The Body’s Tough Covering List 7 functions o f the skin: 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________________________ The Human Body Ch. 2 Fill-In Notes The Epidermis _______________________________________: The outermost layer of the skin; thin and does not have nerves or blood vessels. Epidermal ___________________________ move upward as new cells form beneath them; dead cells at the surface of the skin are shed. Protects the body by cushioning _______________________________________, carrying away ______________________________________ when shedding dead cells, producing a pigment called _________________________________ which gives skin its color and helps protect the skin from burning. The Dermis The dermis is the ______________________ layer of the skin. It contains: ______________________________, _______________________________, _____________________________________, _________________________________ & _____________________________________. ____________________________________: An opening through which sweat reaches the surface of the skin. ____________________________________: Structure in the dermis of the skin from which a strand of hair grows. Caring for Your Skin 1. _____________________________ properly – your skin’s activities require energy. 2. Drink enough ______________________________ 3. Limit _________________________________ - to protect your skin from cancer and early aging. 4. Keep skin _________________________ & _____________________ to prevent acne & athlete’s foot.