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6/10/2015 Millions of molecules = Millions of reactions …But we’ll just look at a few, eh? For each one: 1. Focus on what is happening. 2. Make sure you can ID reactants and Products. • Unit 15: Organic Chemistry • Lesson 15.3: Organic Reactions 84 85 Etherification 1. Dehydration Synthesis Requires two alcohols. Uses a dehydrating agent (or enzyme) to remove an H from one hydroxyl and an OH from the other. This becomes water. Joining two (or more) molecules together by removing water from functional groups. Two kinds for you: 1. Etherification 2. Esterification 86 87 Esterification 2. Fermentation Requires an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Uses a dehydrating agent (or enzyme) to remove an H from the carboxyl and an OH from the hydroxyl. This becomes water. Naming esters “(alcohol)-yl (acid)-oate” Many kinds. You need to know yeast fermentation: Use of an enzyme (“zymase”) in yeast cells to turn sugars (carbohydrates—from grains) into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Very complex reaction mechanism The most commercially important organic reaction(?). Yeast die at %13 ethanol concentration. Have to distill higher concentrations Zymase C6H12O6 -------------> 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 88 89 1 6/10/2015 3. Saponification 4. Polymerization Uses a glycerol ester (a “fat”) and NaOH. Dissolve the fat in ethanol. Mix in the NaOH. Heat the mixture slowly. Evaporate off the alcohol. Add NaCl to precipitate out the soap. Dry it off. The joining of many identical subunits (monomers) into a huge molecule (a polymer). General Formula: Three kinds of polymers for you: 1. Addition Polymers 2. Condensation Polymers 3. Rubber 90 Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization The monomers have a double bond, which is opened with a catalyst. The unpaired electrons in the monomers bond with other monomers. This is how most commercial plastics are made. Polyvinylchloride (PVC): 91 Dehydration synthesis removes water from the ends of monomers, joining them together. Water is produced as a by product. How all biological polymers (proteins, nucleic acids, cellulose, starch, etc.) are produced Polyester: Polystyrene (aka “styrofoam”): styrofoam ): Polytetraflouroethane (aka “teflon”): 92 Rubber 93 So, what should you be able to do? Addition polymerization. The initial polymerization makes a sticky, easily separated molecule. Vulcanization: Addition of sulfur strengthens the rubber polymers by forming cross-linkages. Discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839 Vulcanized rubber burns, producing CO, CO2, and SO2(boo!) 1. Recognize a reaction when you see it. 2. Identify all products and reactants. 3. Determine the products of a particular reaction. 4 Determine the reactants needed to make a 4. particular product. 94 95 2 6/10/2015 Any Questions ? BUT WAIT…. Charles Goodyear (1800 –1860) 96 97 98 3