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Plant Diversity Plant Diversity Overview Major Characteristics of Land Plants Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants Plant Diversity Major Plant Characteristics ● Alteration of Generations ● Sporangium (sporophyte) – ● Gametangium (gametophyte) – ● Spore (diploid) forming structure Gamete (haploid) producing structure Apical meristem – Found in vascular plants – Produces growth in the roots & shoots of plants Plant Diversity Nonvascular Plants ● Lack vascular tissue ● Seedless ● Include the “Bryophytes”; liverworts, hornworts, & mosses Plant Diversity Nonvascular Plants ● “Bryophytes” – Constitute a small number of the land plants – All are seedless – Lack lignin (a polymer of cell walls) – 18,000 species – Mostly inhabit damp habitats – Small & resistant to drying Plant Diversity Nonvascular Plants ● “Bryophytes” – Liverworts ● ● ~6,000 species Some produce lobate (liver-shaped) gametophytes Plant Diversity Nonvascular Plants ● “Bryophytes” – Hornworts ● ● ● ~100 species Short, blue-green gametophyte dominates lifecycle Sporophyte is long, narrow, & pipe-like and characterizes the group 00 Plant Diversity Nonvascular Plants ● “Bryophytes” – Mosses ● ● ● ● ● ● ~12,000 species Rhizoids allow them to anchor to substrates without digging in Mosses slow erosion, hold moisture & nutrients in the soil Provide shelter to small animals Provide food to large herbivores Sensitive to air-borne copper salts therefore are helpful in monitoring air quality Plant Diversity Vascular Plants – Possess vascular tissue ● Network of cells that transport water & solutes to the body of the plant – Seedless & seed-bearing plants – Include lycophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, & antiosperms Plant Diversity Vascular Plants – Vascular Tissue ● Xylem – ● Phloem – – Long distance transport of water & minerals through the plant Transport sugars, proteins, & other solutes through the plant Roots ● Extensive stable filaments containing much vascular tissue which – – Absorb water & nutrients from the soil Serve to anchor the plant Plant Diversity Vascular Plants – Leaves, Sporophylls, Strobili (Seedless Vascular Plants) ● Leaves – ● Sporophylls – ● Improve photosynthesis Leaves which bear sporangia Strobili – Structures containing the sporangia on the sporophylls Plant Diversity Seedless Vascular Plants ● Club Mosses – – – Small stem with microphylls (small leaves) ~1,000 species Require watery environments for reproduction Plant Diversity Seedless Vascular Plants ● Horsetails – – – Usually in watery environments like marshes Jointed stems Needle-shaped leaves extend from whorls off evenly-spaced rings on the stems Plant Diversity Seedless Vascular Plants ● Ferns – – – ~12,000 species Share characteristics to seed-bearing vascular plants Form large leaves (fronds) and branching roots Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Gymnosperms – – Characterized by ● Naked seeds ● Separate male & female gametes ● Pollination by wind ● Possess tracheids ● Elongated cells in the xylem which transport water & solutes in the vascular system Include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgophytes Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Gymnosperms – Conifers ● Dominate the gymnosperms ● Scale or needle-like leaves contain a waxy cuticle to reduce drying ● Dominate high altitides/cold climes ● Contain tracheids but not vessel elements = “soft woods” ● Includes evergreens like pines, firs, spruce, cedars, sequoias, and yews Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Gymnosperms – Cycads ● Prefer mild climes ● Large compound leaves ● Bear large cones ● May be pollinated by beetles rather than wind Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Gymnosperms – Ginkgophytes ● Only one species survives, Ginkgo biloba ● Fan-shaped leaves with vertical venation ● Resistant to pollination since male & female organs are on separate plants ● Female plant produces seeds that smell like rancid butter Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms – – – – Flowering plants Dominate terrestrial ecosystems >260,000 species Produce flowers & fruits Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms – Flowers are modified leaves that attract pollinators Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms – Male flower parts ● ● ● Stamen-surround carpel Filament-support anther Anther-pollen maker Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms – Female flower parts ● ● ● ● Carpel or Pistil Style-long thin tube of the carpel leading to the stigma Stigma-sticky structure for collecting pollen Ovary-contains ovules which become seeds upon fertilization Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms Life cycle – Microspores develop into pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, while megaspores form an ovule that contains the female gametophytes. – In the ovule, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, generating four megaspores; three small and one large; only the large megaspore survives and produces the female gametophyte (embryo sac). – When the pollen grain reaches the stigma, it extends its pollen tube to enter the ovule and deposits two sperm cells in the embryo sac. Source: Boundless. “The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 20 Sep. 2016. Retrieved 24 Nov. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/seed-plants-26/angiosperms-160/the-life-cycle-of-anangiosperm-626-11847/ Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms Life cycle – The two available sperm cells allow for double fertilization to occur, which results in a diploid zygote (the future embryo) and a triploid cell (the future endosperm), which acts as a food store. – Some species are hermaphroditic (stamens and pistils are contained on a single flower), some species are monoecious (stamens and pistils occur on separate flowers, but the same plant), and some are dioecious (staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants). – Source: Boundless. “The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 20 Sep. 2016. Retrieved 24 Nov. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/seed-plants-26/angiosperms160/the-life-cycle-of-an-angiosperm-626-11847/ Plant Diversity Seed-bearing Vascular Plants ● Angiosperms Life cycle – The resulting zygote (fertilized ovule) develops into an embryo containing one or two leaf-like organs called cotyledons – Monocots ● Seed plants that develop one cotyledon – Dicots ● Seed plants that develop two cotyledons