Download Unit IV Bioenergetics Photo/Resp

Unit Title/Skill Set: 3.
Photosynthesis/Respiration
Bioenergetics—H
Overview: This unit examines the basic processes of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration and the associated cell structures.
Unit Essential Question(s): How do organisms obtain and use energy to carry out
their life processes?
Unit Key Questions as Do Now’s:
3a.
3b.
4a.
4b.
5.
6.
8.
9.
Describe the structure of ATP.
Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.
Describe the structure of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) in energy
transformations.
Compare the basic transformations of energy during photosynthesis.
Describe the structure of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.
Describe the fundamental role of mitochondria in energy transformations.
Compare the basic transformations of energy during photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
What You Need to Know—Answers go on the Reading Guide
 Double membrane structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
 Roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts in energy transformations
 Catabolic vs. anabolic chemical reactions as related to metabolism
 Overall (summary) chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
 Basic energy transformations during photosynthesis and cellular respiration
 Relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
 Molecular structure of ATP
 ATP-ADP cycle
 Importance of ATP as the energy currency (fuel) for cell processes
CELL ENERGY SYLLABUS—H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Every reading assignment is expected to be completed BEFORE you come to class. Confused about the
reading? Prepare questions to ask in class AS YOU READ.
Be a Scout and Be Prepared…Reading quizzes may be given at ANY time.
Homework is due ON THE DUE DATE (Sectionals—Turn in on the due date…Field trips and
illnesses—turn in on your first day back.).
Do Now’s are to be completed in class and turned in THAT BLOCK. (Absent??—Turn in first day
back. Questions on the reading that goes with the Do Now??—Turn in written question specifying
what you don’t understand. Be specific. Don’t say, “I don’t get it”.)
Vocabulary understanding is necessary. Attend to the words at the beginning of each chapter, or words
that you encounter that are new to you.
6. **In order for you to participate in structured activities and labs, you must have
your Guided Reading up-to-date as well as your vocabulary.
7.
Day
1-2
3
4
5
6
7
Labs are to be read beforehand.
Lesson
Lab: Fish Gulp and Disk Float
Homework/DUE
Do: Bubblegram
Guided Reading (day 3 throughout day 9 with
progress checks.)
Slides
Vocab: Tic-Tac-Toe
Demo: Light energy
Discussion: Photo II, Photo I
Coloring Book: Plant Cell; PII, PI
Light Rx Wheel
Slides
Vocab: R/P/S/L/S
Discussion: Calvin Cycle
Coloring Book: Plant Cell; Calvin
Calvin Rx Wheel
Slides
GO-Photosynthesis
Vocab: Hangman
Chemistry: Carbohydrate structure, Bond
energy, ‘rearranging’ is based on…
Glycolysis Wheel
Coloring Book: Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis (all of it)
Slides
Vocab: Tic-Tac-Toe
Thief in the Night! Fermentation
Lab: Wall Sit OR Tennis Ball Challenge
Slides
Fermentation Wheel
Read: 6.1, 6.2, 7.2, p. 54
(ADP, ATP)
Watch: Videos 1,5,6,7,9,10
Continued…
Watch: Videos 2,3,4
DUE: Bgram
GR check for PhotoII, I
Watch: Videos 8,11,12
GR check for Calvin
GR check for Glycolysis
GR check for
Fermentation
8
9
10
Vocab: R/P/S/L/S
Crabby Krebs Cycle: 1 for 1 sale!
Coloring Book: Aerobic Respiration Krebs
Krebs Wheel
Slides
Vocab: Hangman
Discussion: Etc., etc., etc., etc., etc…
Coloring Book: Aerobic Respiration; ETC
ETC Wheel
Slides
GO Respiration
Vocab: Kahoot
Human GO
GR check for Krebs
GR check for ETC
DUE: Do Now’s
DUE: GR with corrections
Unit Test—TBD
DUE: LAB CHOICE: Gulp OR
Float OR Either Wheel
Vocab Games: Tic-Tac-Toe, Rock/Paper/Scissors/Lizard/Spock, Hangman,
Kahoot
Photosynthesis/Respiration: Energy Vocab
1. ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)- The sugar adenosine with two phosphate.
The base form of energy to which another phosphate will be added during
the light reaction to make ATP.
2. ATP The energy molecule of every living thing. The sugar adenosine with
three phosphates bonded to it. The most energy resides in the LAST bonded
phosphate. When the last phosphate bond is broken TONS of energy are
released for the cell to use to make new cells, grow, repair damage, etc.
3. Cellular Respiration The process involving energy transfers from breaking
the bonds in food molecules to add a phosphate onto ADP to form ATP.
4. Photosystem I In photosynthesis, the reaction in which H+ ions move
Phosphates to bond with ADP to form ATP. Photosystem I actually happens
as Step 2 in photosynthesis, a 3 Step process.
5. Photosystem II In photosynthesis, the reaction in which the sun energy is
excites electrons in water, splitting the H+ off of the O-. The Oxygen is then
released as a waste gas (Oh my! How useful for US to breathe in.) Hydrogen is
used in Photosystem I to attach phosphate to ADP to make ATP. Photosystem
II actually happens as Step 1 in photosynthesis, a 3 Step process.
6. Glucose The ‘basic’ molecule of food for cells. This carbohydrate
macromolecule carries the bonds that are broken to release enough energy
to make ATP during Respiration.
7. ETC (Electron Transport Chain) The long series of reactions in which
electron energy is moved into and out of an organelle membrane during
which huge amounts of energy are produced. The ETC process is found in
both photosynthesis and respiration.
8. Autotroph Any organism that can ‘automatically’ make its own food. EX: Any
green plants, algae and some (very few) bacteria.
9. Heterotroph Any organism that needs to ingest food and break it down to
release energy to make its own ATP. EX: All fungi and animals, most bacteria.
10. Energy For every living thing, the cells’ energy molecule is ATP.
11. Chloroplasts/Plastids Plastid organelles that contain chloroplasts, the main
plant location for photosynthesis.
12. Energy Transformation The process of making energy (ATP) from the sun
and storing it in the bonds of glucose, and/or breaking the bonds of food
(glucose) to release energy (ATP) in order to make new cells, grow, etc.
13. Metabolism The breakdown of glucose into ATP. EX: Digestion.
14. Mitochondria The location in Eukaryotes where ATP production takes place
(in plants, this is NOT the primary location).
15. Photosynthesis The process of transferring the energy from the sun by
breaking the bonds in water, moving electrons in/out of plastid membrane to
form ATP, and using the energy from ATP to transform the gas carbon
dioxide into the solid carbohydrate (sugar).
16. Calvin Cycle This is Photosynthesis, Step 3 in which Carbons from the gas
carbon dioxide is rearranged into the solid carbohydrate through a process
called carbon fixation.
17. Glycolysis In respiration, this is Step 1 in which the six carbons of glucose
are broken apart into two three-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid, and
producing a net gain of 2 ATP’s. This takes place in the cell’s cytoplasm of
every living thing. It is an anaerobic process. In bacteria, this is the end of
respiration.
18. Krebs Cycle In respiration, this is Step 2 in Aerobic Respiration in which
each pyruvic acid’s Carbons from Glycolysis is rearranged into an
intermediate compound. During this process, Carbon Dioxide is released as
a waste gas, and 1 ATP is formed. This process takes place in the
Mitochondria’s matrix.
19. ETC (Electron Transport Chain) In respiration, this is Step 3 in Aerobic
Respiration in which the H+ are moved into and out of the Mitochondria’s
inner membrane folds. Electrons inside the membrane are used to pump
H+ out which forms a higher concentration of H+ outside the membrane than
inside. At which point, the H+ diffuse back into the cell through the protein
channel without energy, adding a P to ADP to form ATP, they then bond
inside the membrane to Oxygen to form water, the waste product of the
ETC. The total amount of ATP’s formed during the ETC varies slightly from
organism to organism, but generally runs about 34-36 ATP’s.
20. Aerobic Respiration The complete breakdown of glucose into
approximately 36-38 ATP’s in the presence of oxygen.
21. Anaerobic Respiration The partial breakdown of glucose into 2 ATP’s
absence of oxygen. This process is also known as alcoholic fermentation if
performed in yeast and some bacteria, OR lactic acid fermentation in
other organisms in the absence of oxygen. NOTE: Lactic acid
fermentation occurs in YOU when you do a lot of exercise but don’t suck
in enough oxygen!!! You experience the build up of the acid in muscle
cells and they cramp.
Energetics Videos
***Amoeba sisters should be your go-to for photosynthesis, respiration,
mitochondria, fermentation, ATP, etc.
1.http://mass.pbslearningmedia.org/content/tdc02.sci.life.stru.photosynth/#
.TrnHrTmUS7E.delicious
2. Bozeman Photosynthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M Watch First
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4
3. Kahn Biology videos
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology
4. Pearson videos
www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html
5. Mahalo
Mitochondria
http://www.mahalo.com/mitochondria/
6. Mahalo
Chloproplast
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_943521&feature=iv&sr
c_vid=tdGjorwuEDw&v=y8_G9olr2fA
7. Mahalo
Pro vs Euk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_837836&feature=iv&sr
c_vid=4OLiDwjj_Bo&v=WRO-DPyB9Bk
8. Mahalo
Plasma membrane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_168883&feature=iv&sr
c_vid=764CnMID98Y&v=mtDm2OKIK1k
9. Light and Dark rx animation
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=179&cat=Biology
10. Light and Dark Rx
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4/animations/main.aspx?
chno=ch08a01
Respiration
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M Watch this first.
12. Cellular Respiration, stylized, excellent overall process. Watch first.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7gPtASv0SQ
13. Bozeman Respiration-Watch first
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M
14. Bozeman Respiration. More detailed. Watch second.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M&feature=youtu.be
15. Respiration Animations
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4/_core/ch/08/animation
s.aspx
and… http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=179
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Use this for coloring and wheel
Use this for coloring and wheel
RESPIRATION:
Use this for coloring and wheel-Glycolysis
Use this for Alcoholic Fermentation coloring and wheel
Use this for Lactic Acid Fermentation coloring and wheel
A simplified version of Krebs and ETC:
Use this for Krebs and ETC coloring and wheel (but look at the next pix first)
Enlarged view of ETC…notice the H+ concentration gradient?
Photosynthesis/Respiration/Fermentation Coloring Pages/Wheel Lab Part I
(Part II is The Equation)
__________Score
Name_______________________________
Photosynthesis
Step One Directions:
1. Sketch and label Photo II on one of the circle divisions.
2. Color all components of PII pink.
3. Sketch and label Photo I on the NEXT on the right circle division.
4. Color all components of PI light green.
5. On the last circle division, sketch and label the Calvin Cycle.
6. Color the Calvin Cycle components orange.
7. Color all membranes light blue.
Step Two Directions (see teacher sample):
1. On the other complete circle, choose a segment and write:
a. Photosystem II for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
2. On the segment to the right, write:
a. Photosystem I for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
3. On the last segment to the right, write:
a. Calvin Cycle for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
Step Three Directions (see teacher sample):
1. On the partial circle two segment section:
a. Alcoholic Fermentation for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
2. On the other segment, write:
a. Lactic Acid Fermentation for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
Step Four Directions: Assembly
1. See teacher model for cutting, gluing, and folding.
Respiration Coloring Pages/Wheel Lab Part I (Part II is the Equation)
__________Score
Name_______________________________
Respiration
Step One Directions:
1. Sketch and label Glycolysis on one of the circle divisions.
2. Color all components of Glycolysis pink.
3. Sketch and label Krebs Cycle on the NEXT on the right circle division.
4. Color all components of Krebs light green.
5. On the last circle division, sketch and label the Electron Transport System.
6. Color the ETC components orange.
7. Color all membranes light blue.
Step Two Directions (see teacher sample):
1. On the other complete circle, choose a segment and write:
a. Glycolysis for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
2. On the segment to the right, write:
a. Krebs Cycle for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
3. On the last segment to the right, write:
a. Electron Transport Chain for the title
b. On the left of the segment, list: Where, Conditions, Reactants,
Products, Who
c. Complete the list information
Step Four Directions: Assembly
1. See teacher model for cutting, gluing, and folding.
Example
Organisms
Conditions
Going To
Came From
Part II: PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELLULAR RESPIRATION LAB: THE EQUATION
Directions:
1. For each reactant and product, tell where it came from, and if possible, where
it is going.
2. Tell the conditions required by each process.
3. Give an example organisms that utilizes each step.
IN
LIGHT
H2O
e
LIGHT, ADP,
H IONS
e
CO2
ATP
NADPH
OUT
O2
H IONS
ATP
NADPH
H2O
CHO
Calvin
Thy Stroma
Photo I
Thy Mem
Photo II
Plastid Mem
WHERE?
Photosynthesis/Respiration In-Out
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
MITO CRISTAE
AEROBIC
ETC
PYRUVIC
ACID
H IONS, O2,
NAD ION
FADH2
NADH, CO2,
ATP, H IONS
CITRIC ACID
H2O,
ATP
MITO MATRIX
AEROBIC
KREBS
CHO
PYRUVIC ACID
ATP
CYTOPLASM
ANAEROBIC
GLYCOLYSIS
WHERE?
IN
OUT
RESPIRATION:
The Floating Leaf Disk Assay for
Investigating Photosynthesis
Brad Williamson
Introduction:
Trying to find a good, quantitative procedure that students can use for exploring
photosynthesis is a challenge. The standard procedures such as counting oxygen bubbles
generated by an elodea stem tend to not be “student” proof or reliable. This is a particular
problem if your laboratory instruction emphasizes student-generated questions. Over the
years, I have found the floating leaf disk assay technique to be reliable and
understandable to students. Once the students are familiar with the technique they can
readily design experiments to answer their own questions about photosynthesis.
The biology behind the prodedure:
Leaf disks float, normally. When the air spaces are infiltrated with solution the overall density of
the leaf disk increases and the disk sinks. The infiltration solution includes a small amount of
Sodium bicarbonate. Bicarbonate ion serves as the carbon source for photosynthesis. As
photosynthesis proceeds oxygen is released into the interior of the leaf which changes the
buoyancy--causing the disks to rise. Since cellular respiration is taking place at the same time,
consuming oxygen, the rate that the disks rise is an indirect measurement of the net rate of
photosynthesis.
Materials:




Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda)
Liquid SoapPlastic syringe (10 cc or larger)—remove any needle!
Leaf material
Hole punch



Plastic cups
Timer
Light source
Procedure:
Prepare 300m. of bicarbonate
solution for each trial. The
bicarbonate serves as an
alternate dissolved source of
carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis. Prepare a 0.2%
solution. (This is not very much
it is only about 1/8 of a teaspoon
of baking soda in 300 ml of
water.)
Add 1 drop of dilute liquid soap
to this solution. The soap wets
the hydrophobic surface of the
leaf allowing the solution to be
drawn into the leaf. It’s difficult
to quantify this since liquid
soaps vary in concentration.
Avoid suds. If your solution
generates suds then dilute it
with more bicarbonate solution.
Cut 10 or more uniform leaf
disks for each trial.
Single hole punches work well
for this but stout plastic straws
will work as well.
Choice of the leaf material is perhaps the most critical aspect of this
procedure.The leaf surface should be smooth and not too thick. Avoid
plants with hairy leaves. Ivy, fresh spinach, Wisconsin Fast Plant
cotyledons--all work well. Ivy seems to provide very consistent
results. Many different plant leaves work for this lab.My classes have
found that in the spring, Pokeweed may be the best choice.
Avoid major veins.
Infiltrate the leaf disks with sodium bicarbonate solution.
Remove the piston or plunger and place the leaf disks into the
syringe barrel. Replace the plunger being careful not to crush the leaf
disks. Push on the plunger until only a small volume of air and leaf
disk remain in the barrel (<
10%).
Pull a small volume of sodium
bicarbonate solution into the
syringe. Tap the syringe to
suspend the leaf disks in the
solution.
Holding a finger over the syringeopening, draw back on the plunger
to create a vacuum. Hold this
vacuum for about 10
seconds. While holding the
vacuum, swirl the leaf disks to
suspend them in the solution. Let
off the vacuum. The bicarbonate
solution will infiltrate the air spaces
in the leaf causing the disks to
sink.
You will probably have to
repeat this procedure 2-3
times in order to get the disks
to sink. If you have difficulty
getting your disks to sink
after about 3 evacuations, it
is usually because there is
not enough soap in the
solution. Add a few more
drops of soap.
Pour the disks and solution
into a clear plastic cup. Add
bicarbonate solution to a depth
of about 3 centimeters. Use
the same depth for each
trial. Shallower depths work
just as well.
For a control infiltrate leaf
disks with a solution of only
water with a drop of soap--no
bicarbonate.
Place under the light source
and start the timer. At the end
of each minute, record the
number of floating disks. Then
swirl the disks to dislodge any
that are stuck against the
sides of the cups. Continue
until all of the disks are
floating.
Data Collection and Analysis
These data are from a demonstration investigation using grape ivy
leaf disks. Your data chart follows the Extension section. Collect data
from both days before you finish the averages.
Minutes
Disks
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
1
8
1
9
1
10
1
11
4
12
7
13
8
14
10
The point at which 50% of the leaf disks are floating (the median) is
the point of reference for this procedure. By extrapolating from the
graph, the 50% floating point is about 11.5 minutes. Using the 50%
point provides a greater degree of reliability and repeatability for this
procedure. As Steucek, et. al. (1985) described this term is referred
to as the ET50.
Read the following Extension and answer the Discussion Questions
in the reading.
Extension:
In this graph, the light was turned off at 14 minutes and the cups with
their floating disks (grape ivy) were placed in the dark.
Every minute, I removed the dark cover and counted how many were
still floating. Then I stirred the disks. Note that after a while the disks
begin to sink. Why? Cellular respiration removes the oxygen from
the cell spaces. The rate that the disks sink is an indirect measure of
the rate of cellular respiration. Can you think of a way to how you
might measure the gross rate of photosynthesis with this technique?
Print and Web Resources:
Wickliff, J.L. and Chasson, R.M. 1964. Measurement of photosynthesis in plant tissues using bicarbonate solutions. Bioscience,
14: 32-33.
Steucek, Guy L. Robert J. Hill and Class/Summer 1982. 1985. Photosynthesis I: An Assay Utilizing Leaf Disks. The American
Biology Teacher, 47(2):96-99.
Tatina, Robert E. 1986. Improvements to the Steucek and Hill Assay of Photosynthesis. The American Biology Teacher, 48(6):
364-366.
Juliao, Fernando and Henry C. Butcher IV. 1989. Further Improvements to the Steucek and Hill Assay of Photosynthesis. The
American Biology Teacher, 51(3): 174-176.
Armstrong, Joeseph E. 1995. Investigation of Photosynthesis using the Floating Leaf Disk Assy.
http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/Armstrong/biolab/cellbio/psynex1.htm
Rukes, Kari L. and Timothy J.Mulkey. 1994. Measurement on the Effects of Light Quality and Other Factors on the Rate of
Photosynthesis. Bioscene, 20(3): 7-11. http://www.acube.org/volume_20/v20-3p7-11.pdf
Greenler, John. 1990. Exploring Photosynthesis with Fast Plants. WisconsinFast Plant Notes, 4(1): 4-5.
http://www.fastplants.org/pdf/activities/exploring_photosynthesis.pdf
BioPi listserv archives. http://listserv.ksu.edu/archives/biopi-l.html
Enter the "Leaf Disks" for a search to review a thread on the technique. Dan Mott attached a copy of his lab using this technique
to one of his postings.
Richard, David S. Measure of Photosynthetic Rate In Spinach Leaf
Disks http://www.susqu.edu/FacStaff/r/richard/photosynthlab.html
Name___________________________________
DISK FLOATING
Lab Table Number
Day 1
|
Day 2
Min #4 #5 #6 #4 #5 #6 Ave
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Cellular Respiration Lab-Fish Gulping Lab
Background:
Cellular respiration is the process whereby cells metabolize food into ATP energy. The most
energy is produced during aerobic respiration and the least amount of ATP energy is
produced during anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. During respiration, food molecules
in the form of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, are rearranged while going through a series of
processes. Glycolysis splits the glucose into two pyruvic acids and releasing ATP. The
pyruvic acids then go through the Krebs cycle, further rearranging the carbons and
releasing ATP and carbon dioxide. The carbon molecules then go through the electron
transport chain producing ATP’s, where Oxygen is the final electron acceptor which
combines with Hydrogen to produce and release water.
Several ways of measuring cellular respiration include measuring carbon dioxide release,
oxygen intake, or the amount of glucose consumed. Indirectly, we may compare breathing
(intake of Oxygen) during different environmental conditions to roughly compare the
amount of Oxygen available at the cellular level.
Procedure:
You and your lab partner will be observing one goldfish ‘gulping’ at differing temperature
settings. Make a data chart.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Obtain one small beaker and one large beaker.
Fill the small beaker about half-way with distilled water.
Use the net to obtain one goldfish.
Add the goldfish to the small beaker.
Record the initial temperature of the goldfish water.
Make a model of your setup.
To the large beaker, add about 1/3 tap water.
Place the goldfish beaker inside the large beaker.
Manipulate the water temperature by adding ice or heat to the larger beaker,
depending upon which lab bench you are assigned.
One partner will check the temperature every 30 seconds to maintain a constant
temperature by using ice or heat.
The other partner will record the number of ‘gulping’ actions the goldfish takes
during that 30-second period.
Remove the beakers from ice/heat if the temperature changes more than 3o C.
Record for a total of three minutes.
Post your results on the overhead.
Complete your data chart by recording other groups’ results.
Make a line graph of the results.
Discussion:
1. Explain the relationship between temperature and ‘gulping’. Use terms from the
Chem unit, use data chart and graph as examples.
2. What do you think would happen to cellular respiration if: the temperature was
increased by 10o C? Why? Decreased by 10o C? Why?
Santiago
What Do Spinach and Goldfish Have In Common?
“Food fight!” someone screamed. I was sitting at a crowded round table in the dining
hall of the middle school cafeteria. The high school cafeteria was being revamped
after the senior prank went awry last June. Those seniors, always setting the bar
higher every year for creativity. Oh, getting back to the food fight. I looked up with a
hopeful expression on my face, and just then, my face intercepted what I think was
supposed to be a chimichanga. It was too far gone for me to be sure. The
chimichanga, not my face. Garfield, the guy on my right, about lost it when the
chimichanga slid off the end of my chin and plopped into his fruit cup. I could see
swirls of shredded beef and red sauce mixed with cheese sinking below the diced
pears and peaches.
“Hey Rhapsody. Instead of playing catch with the chimichangas (so I guess it really
WAS a chimichanga), why not play the saxophone?” What a card! Rothgar is always
trying to get me to switch to the sax. I play the clarinet. With a name like Rhapsody
N. Blue, I have to, right? Oh, you’ve never heard of it? Well, follow this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFHdRkeEnpM
That opening little crush is a clarinet, followed by a really, really, mean piano. But I
can hardly play piano in a marching band, so… Rhap is by one of my favorites, by
George Gershwin. But, back to the condition of the leavings on my face. It was a real
mix of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs are organisms that can make their
own energy and food (in the form of carbohydrates), usually by converting sunlight
energy in specialized organelles called plastids in a process called photosynthesis.
So essentially that means plants. There ARE a few critters that aren’t plants that can
make their own food. They are chemosynthetic, or chemotrophs, and live in nasty
places like volcanic vents and hot springs. They convert sulfur into ATP. ATP, of
which A is the sugar adenosine, has three, or tri, phosphates on it. It’s the bond
holding the last phosphate on it that carries most of the energy. When that last bond
is broken, ker-POW, lots of energy is
released that the cells use to do work like
moving stuff around or making proteins.
Looking at Garfield’s fruit cup, I could see a
cube of pear with three grapes kind of
trailing out from it. Just like ATP. The really
weird part of it was that I could also see the
single grapy phosphate by itself, and then I
could see the pear with only two of the
grapes. Two of the grapes would be the di, meaning two phosphates that are
attached to the sugar, making it ADP. So ATP – P  ADP + P, and ADP + P  ATP.
Heterotroph means to get food by eating something else. So I must be a
heterotrophs because I can’t make my own food, but I can eat other things, and
chimichangas are no longer my favorite food.
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 2
STOP!! Do # 10, 13, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46.
I was still sort of staring at the ATP, ADP, and P in Garfield’s fruit cup when I swear a
whole cow whizzed past me, and it still had its ribs attached! “Holy cow pie,
Batman!” I grabbed Garfield by his collar, sacrificing him by pulling him in front of
me. Things were starting to really heat up. And temperature is one of the
environmental factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis because many of the
steps depend upon enzymes. Enzymes are affected by things like temperature
change, as the bonds break in their complex structure, denaturing them. Ok, so since
I was thinking about heat and its effects on photosynthesis, I also started thinking
about carbon dioxide concentration since I was breathing pretty heavily by now. All
of that CO2 pouring out of my lungs and into the air around me has got to be great
for plants because plants take in the carbon dioxide in order to make energy and
carbohydrates. The amount of carbon dioxide concentration in the air around plants
is a limiting factor, which means if you’ve got a lot of it, the plants will put out full
capacity until all of the production
sites are full when they reach the
saturation point, the point at which
the plant has reached peak
performance and is at equilibrium. If
there’s a shortage of carbon dioxide,
then production slows down and
might even stop.
Production of ATP and
carbohydrates are even more
affected by light intensity. So think about it...what happens to the amount of light at
noon compared to the amount of light at midnight? You would get up and down
lines on the graph according to time of day/night and amount of light/dark.
STOP!! Do # 3, 19, 31, 38, 42, 51.
Garfield actually made a great shield. He was covered in all kinds of salad fixings. I
think it was Fawn who was pelting him because all the veggies were coming in a
Thylakoids inside chlorophyll
really cooooool rhythm. Some of the colors of the
veggies were really neat. Their plastids,
organelles that contain special color pigments
that capture sunlight, make some plant material
orange, red, yellow, blue, or green. Green is what
I am most familiar with. The green pigment is
chlorophyll and is found in the chloroplast
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 3
organelle. When sunlight strikes the chlorophyll, there are stacks of green pancakelike structures inside called thylakoids, each pancake has a membrane covering it.
It’s the membrane that actually is the location of the first reaction in making ATP.
Because sunlight has to ‘activate’ the reaction by making electrons jump to a higher
energy level and are then called ‘excited’, the reaction is called light dependent
reaction because light is needed to change the electrons. As the electrons become
excited, they move to neighboring molecules. Because the electrons that move left
gaps, they have to be replaced. The
replacement electrons come from splitting
water apart. So that’s why plants need water.
The water is split apart by duh, watersplitting enzymes. The electrons are removed
from the Hydrogen atoms, leaving the
Hydrogen as an ion having a positive charge.
It is written like this: H+. The Oxygen from the
water is a waste for the plant and because
Oxygen always travels in pairs, it is written
like this: O2. The Oxygen gas then exits the
plant through special opening in the leaves called the stomates. So far, this whole
process happened in what’s called Photosystem II. It actually happens first, but was
discovered secondly. Unfortunately. It’s a good thing for me though that Oxygen is a
waste because I need a lot of Oxygen to help fuel my cells and win this food fight! Ok,
so at least survive it. I swing poor Garfield around to my left and shove him in front
of me as I am getting pelted by watermelon seeds that Mervin is spewing.
STOP!! Do # 1, 2, 5, 6, 14, 21, 32, 48, 50.
Ok, so I see that Rothgar, Hillary, Myron, and Fawn have declared themselves a team
and are digging into the carrots, radishes, and croutons. They’ve filled all of their
band uniform pockets, stuffed food into their tubas, drums, and their feather
bonnets, and are heading this way. I quickly calculate how long it would take to drag
Garfield to the nearest exit, using him as a human shield. I’ll never make it. I’m
doomed. The only chance I have is to use a weapon so foul and obnoxious that the
‘other guy’ will cringe when I whip it out. So now I’m stuck thinking about what
happens next in photosynthesis. Is there something there that I can use?
The next step is the conversion of the energy from the light reaction (excited
electrons, H+, Oxygen gas as a waste) to ATP. The electrons from the light reaction
are passed through a series of receiver molecules (proteins in the membrane which
act as a pump) and are used to shuttle those H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid,
becoming more concentrated inside than outside. This produces a concentration
gradient, which means that they tend to diffuse out without any energy being used
but do go through a facilitator protein. The special protein imbedded in the
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 4
membrane that attaches the phosphate to ADP to make ATP is called ATP synthase.
In addition to ATP, another energy-rich molecule is made: NADPH, which will be
used to make carbohydrates in the next reaction. This series of in/out handoff of
electrons is called the electron transport chain, or the ETC for short. This occurs in
Photosytstem I but happens secondly. Remember, discovered out of sequence.
Anyhow, can I use this to win? Nada. Nothing useful against those evil food fight
adversaries! Drat. But wait, the last reaction is…are you ready?...The DARK reaction!
STOP!! Do # 8, 9, 33, 35, 36.
The Calvin cycle, named after its discoverer, is a light independent reaction because
it doesn’t need the sunlight to drive it like the first two steps. Carbon atoms from
Carbon dioxide are used to bond together to form nice, yummy carbohydrates. In
order to do this, the carbon needs to go through a process called carbon fixation.
Wow, for a process that takes place in every plant, it must be important because it’s
got three names: Calvin cycle, light independent reaction, and the dark reaction. All
of this just means that it can happen 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As long as
carbon dioxide and ATP are present, the Carbons can get rearranged in the Calvin
cycle to form carbohydrates, such as glucose: C6H12O6. Enzymes in this cycle, in a
repeating series of steps, use ATP and NADPH to rearrange the Carbons from
Carbon dioxide into the solid glucose. Going from a gas to a solid. Plants are magic!
STOP!! Do # 4, 20, 34, 49.
Here’s PII, PI, and the Calvin cycle
By now, a dim memory is tugging at my subconscious. A memory of a musical we
performed in summer stock…The Little Shop of Horrors. It’s about a miraculous
plant that grows
BIG
and is owned by a florist named Seymour. The
plant, Audrey II, is kind of a cross between a Venus flytrap and Godzilla. In other
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 5
words, it doesn’t just photosynthesize, but it also is a carnivore and needs to have
red blood. I readjusted Garfield to take up the slack on the incoming chilidog, and
jerked my phone out of my pocket. I Googled ‘Little Shop of Horrors Feed Me
Seymour’ and came up with: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7SkrYF8lCU. I
quickly viewed Audrey II’s demand for Seymour to find more blood, fresh blood. I
had fond memories of the music. Challenging but catchy. I also remember we had
joked about calling Amazon, and getting a delivery of cuttings from Audrey II. We
thought we could grow them in the band hall under grow lights and feed them
hamburger. I looked at Garfield, soggy and smelling like onions now. Nothing
seemed to come to mind yet. Better move on to the meat end of things.
So now plants have made ATP and used it to rearrange CO2 and water into
Carbohydrates, C6H12O6, and waste Oxygen, O2 but they haven’t made any new cells,
or proteins, or roots, seeds, yadda, yadda. Well all of the bonds in the Carbohydrates
carry loads of ATP in them, and that’s exactly what the plants needs to do, make lots
of Carbohydrates. Most plants immediately begin breaking down the carbs that they
make to release the ATP’s and use that energy to fuel protein production. But plants
usually make more carbs than they need immediately, and good for us. Because
plants store their extra carbs in special places, like roots, seeds, fruit, etc, so when
you look at a carrot, or a strawberry, or an apple, you are looking at where plants
store their extra carbohydrates. Even trees direct their sugary sap made in their
leaves, down to their roots. Over the winter, the tree lives on the sap, only using a
little of it to survive. In the spring, the sap rushes up to the branch tips where the
buds of new leaves are waiting for food to grow. The stored energy in last year’s sap
feeds the new leaves until they are big enough to begin their own photosynthesis
processing plant. Get it, plant. Anyhow, the plant photosynthesizes and makes ATP
and Carbohydrates, but it also breaks down the carbohydrates, releasing the ATP’s
and using that to make new cells, grow, and reproduce. The process of breaking
down Carbohydrates into energy is called cellular respiration. Plants utilize both
photosynthesis and cellular respiration, but animals only undergo cellular
respiration. There are two kinds of cellular respiration: anaerobic, meaning to
produce energy from Carbohydrate in the absence of Oxygen; and aerobic, meaning
to produce energy from Carbohydrate in the presence of Oxygen. No matter what
kind or of organism it is though, all living things undergo glycolysis, which is
anaerobic and happens in the cell cytoplasm. Glycolysis is breaking down the
carbohydrate glucose, a sugar made during photosynthesis, anaerobically, in the
cytoplasm, to produce two ATP’s. In this process, the two ATP’s are released when
the bonds between two of the six Carbons are broken. Remember that energy is
released when bonds break. So the C-C-C-C-C-C of glucose gets broken down into
C-C-C, and C-C-C. The C-C-C products are called pyruvate or pyruvic acid.
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
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Glycolysis in EVERY LIVING ORGANISMS’ Cell Cytoplasm
Note on the left that two ATP’s are
needed to start the breakdown of
glucose. Note on the right that four
ATP’s are produced. Two to start,
four at the end, therefore, a NET
GAIN OF TWO ATP’s ARE MADE
DURING GLYCOLYSIS.
STOP!! Do # 11, 15, 16, 27, 37, 47.
This whole process that requires no Oxygen is referred to as Fermentation. If you’re
a single-celled organism such as bacteria or Yeast, this is the type of cellular
respiration you undergo. You rearrange the pyruvates into ethanol, a type of alcohol,
and release CO2 as a waste product. This process may also be called alcoholic
fermentation. Some really great food is made using this process: yogurt (yummy)
and bread. Why don’t you get drunk when you eat bread if the yeast is making
alcohol? It’s interesting that in bread, the holes are there because as the yeast
Lactic Acid/Alcoholic Fermentation
breaks down the sugar that
you add to it (providing
glucose as Yeast food), the
waste gas of Carbon dioxide
is released and forms air
bubbles in the dough, making
the bread dough expand and
rise. As you bake the dough,
the alcohol evaporates, and
the air bubbles leave small
openings in the bread making
it light, and airy. Oh, don’t get
the idea that you can eat raw
bread dough and get drunk
before the alcohol has a
chance to evaporate …
remember that the Carbon
dioxide is forming lots of
bubbles and the bread dough
is rising, and rising, and
rising? Think of what
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 7
that’s going to do to your stomach. In animals and most other multicellular
organisms, anaerobic fermentation produces lactic acid and Carbon dioxide. You
may be familiar with lactic acid as you run the mile in PE class. You are gasping in
the back stretch, suddenly you have massive cramps in your legs and a ‘stitch’ in
your side. You have cramps because you are gasping and your cells aren’t getting
enough Oxygen. Because you’re being mean to them and not supplying them with
enough Oxygen but you keep making them run the mile, they can only breakdown
glucose using lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid in large amounts causes muscle
cramps. But the worst problem is caused because your cells need more energy,
MUCH MORE ENERGY than you can give them with the two ATP’s from Glycolysis.
Unless you can stop and inhale loads of Oxygen, life just isn’t going to get any better.
STOP!! DO # 7, 28, 45.
Under normal circumstances, once the pyruvate is made and if Oxygen is present,
the pyruvate goes to the MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA matrix (sort of the jelly filler
that holds the folded inner membranes in place). In the MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA
matrix, the Krebs cycle rearranges the pyruvate and releases one ATP per
pyruvate. How many pyruvates were in one molecule of glucose produced during
glycolysis? (If you said ‘two’, good for you!) So how many total ATP’s are formed
per molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle? (If you said ‘two’, good for you!) Now
we have rearranged Carbon molecules in the Krebs, one ATP formed for each
pyruvate, and the waste gas CO2. There’s also some additional energy-rich molecules
such as FADH, and NADH that are made by attaching the H+ ions to the FAD and
NAD. The carbon dioxide from the Krebs cycle is what you exhale as a waste product
of converting Carbohydrates into ATP energy.
KREB’s Cycle in the MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA Matrix
Remember that glucose is broken down
to form two pyruvates in Glycolysis. Each
of the pyruvates goes through the Krebs
Cycle. Each pyruvate makes one ATP.
Since there are two pyruvates in one
molecule of glucose, there will be two
ATP’s from the Krebs Cycle.
STOP!! Do # 17, 52.
Well, I have only one more chance to save the day for the wind ensemble, the ETC.
The energy-rich molecules NADH and FADH go to the inner folds of the MIGHTY
MITOCHONDRIA cristae (cristae are just accordion-like folded membranes) and go
through the same type of reactions that occurred in the photosynthesis ETC—
pumping the H+ ions stripped of the NADH and FADH out of the membrane and then
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 8
the H+ ions diffuse, or move across the membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy, back in.
The H+ (carrying a positive + charge) ions then are attracted to the negative ends of
the Oxygen (Hey, that’s what you breathe in and this is what you need it for!) where
it bonds and makes: wait for it, wait for it, WATER! So the water is what you exhale
in your breath and is a waste product of cellular respiration ETC, or you sweat it out,
or you, you know, urinate (you’re not a 7, you’re not a 9, you’re an 8) it out. As these
H+ ions move across the membrane the electrons from the Hydrogen are used to
attach phosphates to the ADP in the Enzyme/protein complex ATP Synthase, just
like in photosynthesis. Just by doing this little song and dance of mixing the
phosphates and ADP to form ATP, an AMAZING 34 ATP’S ARE FORMED JUST IN
THE ETC WHICH HAPPENS TO HAPPEN IN THE MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA!
The Electron Transport Chain
I like this one. Notice the O
bonding to make H2O?
And here’s the ‘wash machine’ that mixes the
H+ electron energy with ADP to make ATP.
What if…someone stuffed a pillow over your face and you couldn’t take in Oxygen?
The ETC works ONLY if OXYGEN IS PRESENT. You suffocate without Oxygen. If
Oxygen is not present, the H+ ions have no negative ions to attach to, so it builds up a
concentration gradient that backs up and STOP, STOP, STOPS THE ETC! Your cells
go into lockdown and begin to anaerobically (remember you have no source of
Oxygen) ferment. Muscles begin to build up lactic acid and cramp, your ATP
production is only two from Glycolysis in the cell cytoplasm, and you
b e g
i
n
t
o
f
a d
e
a
w
a
y.
Two ATP’s are not enough energy to keep multicellular organisms alive. It can,
however, fuel bacteria and Yeast. You are neither of these, which is ok.
STOP!! Do # 12, 18, 25, 24.
I can see that the food fight already seems to be slowing down somewhat. It’s the
dessert bar that’s been pilfered for flinging now. Oh yuck. Butterscotch pudding just
splatted in my hair and is running into my ears. That’s just so wrong. I release
Garfield. He’s on his own now. I didn’t see it before, but Garfield brought a stowaway
that I think may be just the right answer for this food chaos. He had him tucked
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram
Page 9
away in his instrument case, which is an issue in itself, but when I shook Garfield
free, he simply reached beside the table we had overturned and were hiding behind
and opened his instrument case. Oh yeah, and there he was, Garfield! See what I
mean?
Our Secret Weapon to Win the Food Fight
Here’s some vocab definitions on flashcards on Quizlet you might want to look at.
http://quizlet.com/8858831/bio-cell-respiration-penguins-flash-cards/
What Do Spinach and Goldfish Have In Common Clues
1. The molecule that breaks the bonds between Oxygen and its two Hydrogens
(water). It would also end in ‘ase’ because of the kind of molecule it is!
2. The molecule that is split apart in order to supply electrons and Hydrogen
ions in the light dependent reaction.
3. The environmental condition that affects enzymes, breaking and denaturing
them.
4. The process of changing gaseous Carbon dioxide into a solid Carbohydrate.
5. Stacks of green pancake-like structures in the Chlorophyll. Site of the light
dependent reactions.
6. These negatively charged particles become ‘excited’, jumping to a higher
energy level when sunlight strikes them.
7. The alcohol product formed in anaerobic fermentation in plants.
8. An energy-rich molecule which will be used to make carbohydrates,
additional to ATP.
9. The enzyme that attaches the phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
10. Adenosine tri-phosphate, the energy unit of every cell.
11. The first step in cellular respiration in which glucose (a Carbohydrate) is
broken down into two pyruvic acids and 2 net ATP’s are formed. Occurs in
the cytoplasm of every cell of every living thing.
12. The inner folds of the MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA where the ETC occurs.
13. Specialized organelles in plants in which photosynthesis takes place. Can
house chlorophyll, anthocyanin, carotenoid, etc.
14. The positively charged ion that is left after an electron is stripped off of
Hydrogen.
15. Type of cellular respiration that occurs when Oxygen is present. Occurs
primarily in multicellular organisms.
16. During Glycolysis, glucose is broken into two of these three-Carbon
compounds.
17. The number of ATP’s formed in the Krebs Cycle for one pyruvate.
18. The WHOPPING number of ATP’s formed in the ETC during aerobic
respiration.
19. The limiting factor for photosynthesis in which ATP production peaks about
every 12 hours, and then sharply declines or stops the next 12 hours.
20. The photosynthesis step in which Carbohydrates are actually made.
21. The green pigment in plants is chlorophyll and is found in the _____.
22. The autotrophic process in which sunlight is converted to ATP and glucose.
23. The type of organism that cannot make its own food and therefore must eat
plants and/or animals.
This word is continued on the next page.
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram Clues
Page 2
24. The process of removing Oxygen (by stuffing a pillow over your face)
resulting in a complete halt to the ETC in cellular respiration. Cells then
revert to producing ATP completely by fermentation. Not so good results.
25. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration along a concentration gradient.
26. Really weird single-celled organisms that live in volcanoes, oceanic vents,
and hot springs metabolize sulfur to produce ATP.
27. The number of ATP’s formed during Glycolysis by splitting glucose into
pyruvate.
28. The process of anaerobic cellular respiration utilized primarily by singlecelled organisms such as bacteria and Yeast.
29. This organelle is the site of MASSIVE amounts of ATP’s during aerobic
cellular respiration.
30. The type of wind instrument that Rhapsody plays.
31. Rhapsody’s human shield, owner of the infamous instrument case with the
secret weapon inside.
32. Green pigment in plants.
33. Rothgar, Myron, and Fawn’s teammate who stuffs food into band uniforms
and instruments to use for the food fight.
34. The 6 Carbon Carbohydrate that enters cellular respiration Glycolysis step.
35. A series of steps that moves Hydrogen ions into and out of the membrane.
36. Hillary, Myron and Fawn’s teammate who stuffs food, well, you know.
37. Process of anaerobic cellular respiration. Common in single-celled bacteria
and Yeast.
38. The environmental conditions that determine how many ATP’s are formed in
photosynthesis. Heat, temperature, light intensity are examples.
39. Awwwww, the author of Rhapsody in Blue. Did you listen to it?
40. The main character’s name. Sort of easy to identify if you listened to the tune
in the previous question.
41. One product of: ATP – P  ADP + P
42. The limit of production. Can’t photosynthesize any more or faster. All
production sites are full.
43. The word that means any organism that can make its own food. Ex: plants.
44. The really great-tasting Hispanic food that when flung at Rhapsody and
dripped off her chin was gross when it landed in Garfield’s fruit cup.
45. The mean, nasty build-up of this substance in your muscles results in cramps.
A condition of anaerobic fermentation in multicellular organisms.
This word continues on the next page.
Goldfish and Spinach Bgram Clues
Page 3
46. If you listened to Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue, you heard this great
percussion/string instrument right after the clarinet riff.
This word continues on the next page.
47. The process of converting glucose into ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water.
48. The photosystem that requires light. Produces ATP.
49. The photosystem that does not require light. Produces Carbohydrate.
50. The element that is the gaseous waste product of photosynthesis and then is
the gaseous reactant that is needed to bond to electrons in the ETC of cellular
respiration.
51. The gas that is taken in during photosynthesis that acts as an environmental
limiting factor.
52. The cellular respiration step that accepts pyruvate and rearranges it.
Produces 1 ATP, NADH, and FADH which will be used in the ETC.
What Do Spinach and Goldfish Have In Common Answer Sheet
________Score
Name ____________________________
Message: ___________________________ ________________ __________________________________
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Spinach and Goldfish Bgram Answers
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Spinach and Goldfish Bgram Answers
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Spinach and Goldfish Bgram Answers
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Bioenergetics Unit Do Now’s—H
___________Score
Name____________________________________
Date___________________ Blk___________
Write using complete sentences that restate the question. Use punctuation.
3a
3b
4a
4b
5
6
8
9
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
________Score
Name____________________________
*Rephrase questions in your answers.
*Write using complete sentences with punctuation.
P. 54, Ch 6.1 Cell Energy-ATP
1. Explain what the energy equation means: H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy.
a. Tell what happens to the bonds between the phosphate.
b. The initial energy needed to begin breaking the bonds is provided by the
electrons from water. Tell what special protein molecules provide energy to
either make or break bonds.
a.
b.
5.2 Photosynthesis
2. What happens in the two stages of Photosynthesis?
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
Page 2
3. Write the Photosynthesis Equation (Include the words underneath):
Overview of Photosynthesis
Light Energy
4. Give evidence that light is energy.
5. When I look at a plant leaf, it appears to be ______________________(color?) because
the __________________________(light-absorbing substance in plants) are actually
________________________________ (reflecting OR absorbing) all of the other colors and
________________________________ (reflecting OR absorbing) the color I see back to my
eyes.
6. What are three main pigments in plants?
7. Pigments are located in the ___________________________ (sometimes called plastids) of
plants.
8. Inside the chloroplast, are stacks (called grana) of _________________________ - bound
structures called _________________________, which looks like stacks of pennies. The
membrane layer, much like the cell membrane, contains heads and tails, as well as
pigments, proteins and other structures embedded in it. The sun strikes the
pigment, whose _______________________ then become excited and jump to a higher
energy level. These negatively charged particles then leave the pigments and ‘jump’
to nearby molecules to drive the production of ATP. This series of jumping electrons
is called an electron transport chain. However, because the area is now becoming
depleted of electrons, they have to be replaced. Enzymes in the membrane provides
the electrons by breaking the bonds in water, releasing the Oxygen as a waste
product that is excreted into the atmosphere (lucky for us!) and the electrons are
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
Page 3
then stripped from the Hydrogens, leaving the Hydrogens as the ion, ______________
(write it).
9. Some of the electron energy from the sun is used to pump H+ _____________ (in OR
out) of the thylakoid interior called the lumen. As the pumping continues, a
____________________ (higher or lower) concentration of H+ accumulates in the lumen
(interior part of the thylakoid). As a result, H+ tend to diffuse back out of the
thylakoid membrane through carrier proteins because molecules tend to move from
and area of ______________ to an area of _________________ concentration. No energy is
needed for the H+ to move out. These protein carrier channels also act as enzymes,
which ______________________(attach OR break) a phosphate group from the ADP to
make ATP. What other ion pump do you remember from the Homeostasis unit that
is responsible for much of your nerve input making its way to your brain?
___________________________________________________________________
10. Another energy-rich molecule, _____________________________ is also produced in a
second electron transport chain, which is used to make the Carbon-Hydrogen bond
in producing carbohydrates.
11. Write a summary for the light-dependent reactions:
6.2 The Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
12. Carbon atoms from ____________________________________gas in the air is transformed
into the solid carbohydrate in a reaction called___________________________________________.
These carbon ‘fixing’ reactions occur in the Calvin Cycle, sometimes called the
_______________________________________ or the light independent reactions because no
sunlight is needed for these to occur. What two reactants are absolutely necessary
for the formation of carbohydrates?
__________________________________________ and ___________________________, which make
and break bonds. The first products are starch and sucrose. Remaining carbon
compounds are rearranged to begin the Calvin Cycle again.
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
Page 4
Alternative Pathways
13. The ______________________________, located mostly on the undersides of leaves,
regulate the movement of water through transpiration out of the plant, and gas
movement into/out of the plant. Most plants open these structures during the
_____________________ to dump the waste water out and to take in the gas _________ to
power the production of carbohydrates during fixation. However, this is not always
a good idea if you are a plant who happens to live in a hostile habitat such as
_____________________ and ________________ conditions. Complete the table below to
describe two alternative pathways, with example plants. Make a model with a title
and labels (could be the kind of plant, the structures involved, the habitat, yadda).
Pathway Name:
Example habitat:
Alternative Photosynthetic Pathways
Pathway Name:
Example habitat
Example plant:
What happens?
Example plant:
What happens?
Model:
Model:
5.2 in the POLAR BEAR BOOK!!!
P. 124 in the OWL BOOK!!!!
Factors That Affect Photosynthesis
14. What three factors most affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
Page 5
7.1 Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis and Fermentation
15. Define cellular respiration:
16. Write the Respiration Equation (Include the words):
17. Compare and contrast the Respiration and Photosynthesis equations.
Photosynthesis
BOTH
Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration, Glycolysis
18. Well, now that the plants have made carbohydrates (primarily in the form of
glucose), they and we will use it as a ‘food source’ to break the Carbon-HydrogenOxygen bonds in order to release TONS of energy with which cells will build new
cells, repair damaged cells, and so on.
Recall that ‘glyco’ refers to glucose, the carbohydrate sugar. And that ‘lysis’ means
to _________________________________. So step one is called _______________________________,
which means to break apart the bonds in glucose.
This first step takes place in the ____________________________ of cells of every living
thing and (does OR does not) require oxygen. It is therefore called a(n)
_____________________________process. This breaking of the bond between the #3 and #4
Carbon of the glucose chain leaves two three-Carbon compounds called
______________________________________.
______________ (how many?) ATP’s are formed.
In addition to ATP’s, two _________________ another energy source are also formed.
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
(Skip the Fermentation details for now…You’ll see them later.)
Page 6
7.2 Aerobic Respiration
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
So glucose enters the cell, and in the cytoplasm during glycolysis, the bonds between
C3 and C4 are broken, releasing 2 ATP’s. Not a lot of energy for the trouble you go
through to make that taco, salsa, guacamole, corn chip dip with limes dinner. But
wait, Ronco does it again! There’s more. The two 3-Carbon compound, pyruvate, in
the presence of Oxygen, in multicellular critters (that’s you), goes to the mighty
___________________________ to undergo two further processes. The first is the ___________
cycle and the second is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
19. DON’T COPY THE KREBS CYCLE! This cycle is sometimes referred as the Krebs
Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is produced as a waste product. Citric Acid is a
source of Vitamin C!!
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? _________________________________
What gas is being released as a waste product of rearranging the Carbons? __________
_______________________________ ATP, NADH, and _________ are energy-rich compounds
that are produced during this process. Oxygen (is/is not) needed for this process.
Acetyl-CoA is an enzyme helper. Enzymes must have very specific shapes in order to
fit the substrate. Sometimes, the enzyme needs a bit more help to get its 3-D
structure just right. Co enzymes often fill in these jobs. Co enzymes are often
vitamins and minerals. So if you don’t have a great diet, sometimes you need to add
vitamins to it. You need these helpers for the enzymes to do their job of breaking
down your food and releasing all the energy possible in the bonds.
It’s really not important to remember all of the different Carbon compounds. Just
remember that they net ATP gain in the Krebs Cycle is ______________ for every
Pyruvate formed during Glycolysis. This gets confusing because of the words. Look
at this 1 molecule of Glucose ---- 2 molecules of Pyruvate ---- 1 molecule of
ATP for every ‘turn’ of the Krebs Cycle. Which is to say that there are two Pyruvates
so there are 2 ATP’s from Krebs for every 1 molecule of glucose. Arghhhhhhhh!
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
20. Just like the ETC from Photosynthesis, electrons and carrier proteins transport
H+ into and out of the membrane. The H+ diffuse back into the cell. Some energy is
used to pump them out again, where they accumulate and diffuse back into the cell.
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration—H
Page 7
Copy Fig 7.11 below (don’t make it painfully detailed). Notice that O2 bonds with
4H+ to form the waste product 2H20. So if a thief holds a pillow over your face, for a
really long time, your mighty mitochondria is not getting Oxygen, so the electrons
can’t keep pumping H+ across the mitochondria membrane, and the WHOLE
ENTIRE ETC STOPS! This is serious, folks. Because we now have a back-up of
electrons with no place to go, they simply don’t go. No humongous amounts of ATP
are formed in the ETC (approximately 34), and cells die!
Fermentation (p. 133-136-ish): Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen
21. The common term for this type of respiration is fermentation. Fermentation
occurs when Oxygen is (present OR absent). Because Oxygen is needed in order to
run the ETC, glucose in the absence of Oxygen, undergoes Glycolysis in the cell
cytoplasm only. Prokaryotes (bacteria) and some Fungi (including yeast) utilize
______________________ fermentation. During fermentation in eukaryotes, called
_______________________ acid fermentation, lactic acid is build up in muscle cells and
causes cramps. Remember that pillow over your face? Lactic acid builds up in your
cells because there is no Oxygen to run the ETC, so your cells actually can only
produce ATP (2 for every glucose molecule) by glycolysis. A waste gas that is
produced for both types of fermentation is ________________________________, which is
what makes bread rise, and bubbles in champagne. So the ATP production count in
either fermentation process is a piddly ____________ ATP’s. Only single-celled
organisms and a few other critters can live on so little energy. Eukaryotes must
produce body heat, provide for rapid cell growth, movement, and metabolism of
food so cannot survive under anaerobic conditions.