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The Renaissance What do you know about the Renaissance? Pages 12 - 14 • In the 21st century, we see the Renaissance as the era when the modern western worldview began to develop The First Century (CE) The Second Century (CE) 1 - 100 101 - 200 -100 0 100 200 • The Renaissance stretched from 1350 CE to 1600 CE – CE – Common Era. (BCE – Before Common Era) • Era – a historical time period • It comes from the French word renaître – “to be born again” It was a rebirth of ideas that were discovered when Europeans came into contact with forgotten Greek and Roman ways of thinking, and ways of looking at the world. Discovered the ideas that were being kept by Muslim, Jewish & Roman Catholic scholars. Picture of Michelangelo showing a pupil the Belvedere Torso. The torso was created by an Athenian sculptor and was lost during the time of the fall of the Roman Empire. When found, it influenced the artists during the renaissance. Think about it: • List of Canadian values and/or beliefs: • Is Canada experiencing a Renaissance (“rebirth”) in any area of society? Chapter 1 What were the Factors that shaped the Renaissance Worldview? Questions to be covered in this Unit: • What were the factors that shaped the Renaissance worldview? • How did the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe? • What is the western worldview that grew out of the Renaissance? th 4 Century: Western & Eastern Empire How did other Civilizations Set the Stage for the Renaissance in Europe? Middle Ages • Between the fall of the Roman empire in the 4th century, to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century, Europe was in the middle ages. During this time, empires in northern Africa and Asia were flourishing, and would influence Europe’s move into the Renaissance. • After the fall of the Roman empire, the feudal system developed. (a hierarchical class structure) – Monarchs granted land to nobles for military support – Alliances were formed through diplomacy between wealthy land owners to give support to one central monarch. King Higher Clergy Nobles Lesser Nobles/Knights/ Clergy Serfs/Peasants In the Feudal System people were not able to move there social classes and was split into rich and poor. • Controlled all the laws and made all the big decisions • Were advisors to the king and the eyes and ears for the Pope. • Controlled land and paid taxes/provided military support to the King • Controlled individual plots of land, leaders of faith, and protected the people • 90% of the population – Peasants – worked hard but were able to look for other occupations – Serfs – tied to their lords and had no freedom Pic. Pg 24 Lived in huge castles or fortified manor houses Lived in huts outside of the walls. If they worked in the castle, they were able to live there as well Pages 16 - 17 The Silk Road • Starting in 300 BCE, when the Roman Empire extended into the middle east, people in the west welcomed exotic goods from as far away as China and Japan – Silk, Glassware, Paper, Pepper, Cinnamon • With the large number of people moving, goods weren’t the only thing that was moving along the silk road. – Ideas and Knowledge of religion, science and math, technology, philosophy, and music – Disease like the Black Death started in Asia, and made its way to Europe killing millions How has Canada’s history & worldview been affected by contact with other people? Modern Day Silk Road Map Think about it: • What are some products that are from places other than Europe: THEN NOW • Silk • Glassware •Paper • Pepper • Cinnamon Read Pgs: 18 - 21 •Copy down definitions on pg. 20 Role of the Islamic Civilization • In the Beginning of the 7th century, the Islamic faith spread quickly • By 750 CE, it spread from Spain to Indonesia • The center of the Islamic empire was in the crossroads of the silk road • The Muslim middle men were everywhere on the route, and made the Muslim Empire very wealthy • More importantly, it became a center of learning during the middle ages. • Islamic scientists and scholars collected mathematical and astrological documents in libraries. They then studied and improved on them. – Astrolabe (Navigate by the stars) – Ibn Sina (980 – 1037), studied diseases and the human body. He wrote medical texts that were used for hundreds of years Q 1-2 pg 24 Refer to the map on pgs. 16-17 In your notebook answer the following: • How difficult was it to move goods from China to Italy in the Middle Ages? Compare the transportation in the Middle Ages to today. • How would the geographic location of the Islamic Empire made it a centre for leaning & discovery How did the Renaissance Begin? • Because of the contact with other cultures, there was an increased amount of ideas being shared, and by the end of the 1300’s change was happening more rapidly. • During the middle ages, a majority of Europeans shared a religious worldview put in place by the Roman Catholic Church – The poor accepted they would suffer and live short lives, but be rewarded in heaven – The rich would donate money and land to the church, to be rewarded in heaven • During the middle ages, the Catholic Church was the institution that would educate, and employ – Roman Catholic Church had a large amount of influence on art and architecture – Roman Catholic Church also had a large amount of influence with Kings and their kingdoms (Often power struggles) The Crusades • Judaism, Christianity and Islam all grew out of the same religious history, so they all thought they had a claim to the ‘Holy Land’ (Israel) – Christians in Europe organized crusades to recapture the area from Muslim control • During the short time that the Christians occupied the Holy Land, thousands of pilgrims and entire armies traveled to Jerusalem – From these pilgrimages, Europeans were exposed to many different cultures, foods, spices, exotic goods & cloths – The travelers returned home with new ideas and new ways of thinking Europeans become more aware of other cultures • The Crusades occurred over approx. 200 years • Relationships between Christians & Muslims developed during periods of Peace & period of War Black Plague How Did the Growth of Cities Contribute to a Changing Worldview? Trade • By the late middle ages, Europeans wanted more exotic items that were brought back by the crusaders • Many of the cities that grew were port cities. – Some people established businesses to provide goods for city residents – Industries began to specialize in goods and trade. – Workers began to find and create jobs that were not part of the feudal system – Some communities became so prosperous and powerful, they became city-states – Individuals begin to feel a sense of belonging to their larger community Urbanization • Many of the peasants thought they could find safety and work in the cities Land owners didn’t have workers, so they moved to the cities and started businesses • Cities prospered in Italy because; – Mountains to the north helped protect Italy from invaders – Trading cities began to thrive in Italy – The ruins from Roman times reminded people of how effective that style of government was – The feudal system was not strong in Italy due to urban lifestyle – The pope moved his court to France leaving Italians without much interference from the Church • Most of those city states were controlled by despots or by oligarchies • Some of the city states in Italy signed a treaty, backed by the papacy, that would not allow any one city state to become powerful enough to threaten or overthrow any other city How did Contact between people increase ? • Increased trade more people travelled = more exposure to different goods & materials • Merchants grew wealthier could afford to visit other areas • Towns & cities grew larger more daily contact with other people • Warfare soldiers saw more different lands • Treaties were signed travel was safer • Diplomacy increased contacts in other lands • Royal families inter-married servants had to travel with the family to different parts • Pope moved to Avingon people had to travel to France, not Rome, to see him How did this Contact affect their lives & worldviews? CULTURE • Artwork included new materials & ideas from other areas • Books & documents began from other areas, had new ideas • New materials meant new fashion • Building styles & materials were inspired by other architecture • New foods & spices to enjoy SOCIAL SYSTEMS • Education included ideas from new areas & was offered by other organizations • People were able to choose where to work • Feudal system began to fall apart How did this Contact affect their lives & worldviews? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC • Wealthy people became powerful • Church’s power weakened • City states became strong • Citizens became proud of where they lived How did the Governments in Italy change? How did it affect their worldview • Government changed from republics to oligarchies /despots • People had less say & control over government decisions • Wealthy merchants were able to purchase power • Stable government creates steady supply of jobs POLITICAL & ECONOMIC • Central control & less power with the Church • People felt like citizens and not servants • Military to protect a state was important CULTURE • Artisans & their products became valuable to the wealthy SOCIAL SYSTEM • Wealthy leaders donated buildings, statues & paintings to beautify their city-state How has Canada’s urbanization affect people & their worldview • do not have much contact with the natural environment • Used to not knowing people in their community • May have to travel out of community to work, play, etc • Greater variety of jobs, larger variety of goods & services POLITICAL & ECONOMIC • Expect wide variety of services, supports & job opportunities • May have less say in local government decisions CULTURE • More access to entertainment & recreational facilities • Architecture is more varied • More diverse cultures & many languages spoken SOCIAL SYSTEM • More schools, libraries, advanced education • Support for families & individuals in need • Need to provide services for homeless Social Systems Florence Venice Genoa Political & Economic Systems Culture •Merchant class gained status •Guilds organized •Centre for wool, cloth & silk •Banking; •Ruled by Medici oligarchy & wealthy noblemen •Painters, sculptors, architects •Patron of the arts •3 social classes •Scuole provided support to members & the poor •Doge as head of state •Sea trade •Cenre of book trade •Religion – cathedrals built •Merchant class supported the arts •Carnevale celebrations •Social class system •Founded bank •Navy, shipbuilders, merchants •Clans/famillies controlled sections of the city = dictator took over power = despot •Arts, architecture •University of Genoa • • • • • What the City States had in common: Located on important trade routes Commercial centres Populations of more than 100, 000 Hierarchical social class systems The wealthy were patrons of the arts Unique Aspects of each City State: FLORENCE • Richest city state • Centre of the Renaissance • Hilly area was good for sheep = wool • Good trading location on Arno River VENICE • Canals as streets • Centre of trade between Asia & Europe • On shallow islands along coast of Adriatic Sea GENOA • Strongest city state • Controlled other ports in the Mediterranean • On a narrow strip of land between sea & mountains • Crossroads between Europe & Mediterranean Michael Angelo’s Pieta Chapter 2 How did the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe? How did the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe? • • • • • • • Renaissance ideas developed in Italy(centre of the early Renaissance) Gradually spread west and north to all areas of western Europe- the exchange of ideas was the key part of the Renaissance spreading throughout Europe Scholars and artists from all of Europe travelled to Italy’s city-states to study and exchange ideas Artists across Europe developed new techniques and ideas that were then adopted by other artists Writers and philosophers expressed ideas that showed changing worldviews Scientists began to use scientific observation, and mathematicians began applying mathematics to everyday life Ongoing contact and exchange of ideas between Italian Renaissance society and the rest of Europe ensured the spread of these ideas throughout the continent. Where and how did the Renaissance Spread? • Renaissance ideas that developed in Italy gradually spread to western and northern Europe towards the end of the 15th century • As Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy, they were changed and adapted by the citizens of the new states to reflect their societies Why Were Ideas so Slow to Spread? • Ideas of the Renaissance were slow to spread because of: • Feudalism-as long as it existed there was little concern with introducing new ideas • War -resources were used for military purposes, survival, or expansion, but not for advancing arts/sciences • Religion –while Italians underwent the Renaissance , the people in the rest of Europe remained under the care and influence of the Roman Catholic Church and maintained the status quo What Allowed Renaissance Ideas to Spread More Quickly? • Once the hundred years war was over travel across the continent became safer • people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work • Decline of feudalism • Allowed people freedom to explore changes in society and new ideas in arts, sciences, and philosophy Con’t • Increased trade meant business and banking increased • Members of the new merchant class travelled, seeing the way others lived, exchanging new ideas, bringing back works of art • They used their wealth to support artists • Growth of Humanism Humanism • A system of thought that centres on humans and their values, potential, and worth; concerned with the needs and welfare of humans • Valued: • life on earth, Contact with other cultures, Educational reform The Printing Press • No other invention has changed the world as much as the invention of the printing press • The rapid spread of Renaissance ideas was made possible by Johann Gutenberg ( 1399-1468) of Mainz, Germany, invented the mechanical printing press around the mid-1400’s • The Chinese had been printing for centuries, using limited movable type. They also invented paper. Knowledge of both these inventions moved along the Silk Road • The first European book printed was the Gutenberg Bible, around 1454 or 1455 How did Humanism Affect the Renaissance Worldview? • Humanism- was the key idea of the Renaissance • It focuses on human beings, their values, abilities, and individual worth, and human society as something valuable that could be improved • European scholars became more aware of classical writings from the Greeks and Romans that Islamic cultures and isolated Jewish and European scholars had preserved How did Humanism Affect the Renaissance Worldview? • Classical writings suggested life on Earth, during people’s lifetimes, had value. • Before this, most people believed that preparing for the afterlife was more important than worrying about daily life in this world. • studies of the ancient texts and their contacts with other cultures led academics to believe that humans had the potential to do great things as individuals and not be limited by the strict social roles of the Middle Ages. How Did Scholars and Philosophers Spread the Ideas of Humanism? • As more students in northern Europe were exposed to the ideas of humanism, they wanted to learn more. • Many travelled to study at Italian universities. These students returned to their homes with new ideas and new attitudes. • Humanism supported civic duty and the value of learning and asking questions about the world. • Nobles now believed, more than ever, that these qualities of citizenship were important and promoted these ideals among their courts and their subjects. • Q. How does this relate to us? Philosophers and Scholars of Humanism • Petrarch (1304–1374) • Erasmus ( 1466-1536) • Guillaume Budé (1467–1540) • Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) Petrarch (1304–1374) • Italy’s first great humanist scholar and writer was Petrarch • best known for discovering and translating ancient classical Greek and Roman texts and promoting their study • believed artists, writers, and scholars should return to the sources, to the original manuscripts, for their humanist studies • He believed that truly educated people read books, travelled widely, and surrounded themselves with beautiful art. • Believed that much of the ancient Roman and Greek societies was superior to European society in the 1300s. Erasmus ( 1466-1536) • He believed that the Bible should be translated from Latin and Greek into the vernacular languages of Europe so that more people could read it • Vernacular: local, common, or native, referring in particular to languages Guillaume Budé (1467–1540) • French universities were soon changing their law programs to follow Budé’s ideas of applying the ideas of the classics to contemporary issues • Budé was also in charge of the King’s Library; he filled it with ancient manuscripts and works of humanist scholars. • This library was the origin of the National Library of France, which today is one of the world’s greatest libraries Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) • Like Erasmus, Montaigne was very interested in educational reform • In his Essais, he criticized the way students were taught in France: “Our tutors and teachers never stopped bawling into our ears as though they were pouring water into a funnel, and our task is only to repeat what has been told us. I want him to listen to his pupil speaking in his turn.” • Montaigne believed self-awareness taught tolerance and good sense. Montaigne did not believe the Church or any person had the answers to all of life’s questions. He thought people could learn more about the world if they were open-minded and curious rather than accepting ideas without questioning them. How Did Artists Help Spread the Ideas of the Renaissance? • Art played a major role in spreading the worldviews of humanism because the artists began to paint pictures of real life and the world around them Artists and the Renaissance • Renaissance artists developed new artistic styles, techniques, and materials in line with changing worldviews. • They created masterpieces that are still judged as some of the finest artwork in the history of the world. • During the Renaissance, art began to reflect the new thinking of humanism. • Humanists looked to Islamic, Roman and Greek writing, art, and architecture for inspiration. They became more interested in the world around them than in the afterlife and believed that they were entitled to have beauty and joy in this earthly life. • The artists changed their painting styles dramatically, portraying humanist subject matter or religious works in humanist style. Artists and the Renaissance • During the 14th and early 15th centuries, Renaissance art continued to focus primarily on religious themes • In the later period of the Renaissance, artists created more realistic images of the human form because they had a better understanding of the human body (Doctors and scientists were now allowed to dissect human corpses to study the body.) • They also began using perspective Artists and the Renaissance • Donatello’s ( 1386-1466) David: • The biblical story of David and Goliath tells how the young Hebrew David offered to battle the giant Goliath of the attacking Philistines. • He overcame Goliath by hitting him in the head with a stone and then decapitating him. The Philistines fled. • The story illustrates how faith and determination can overcome huge obstacles How Did Ideas Spread Among Scientists and Mathematicians? The progress of science was slow during the European Middle Ages. A number of factors contributed to the lack of focus/advances on science and mathematics: • Religion put the focus on the afterlife; scientific questioning was discouraged. • Europe was still steeped in superstition; most people believed in astrology, magic, and witchcraft. • Wealthy patrons were more interested in sponsoring the arts, so there was little money left over for people interested in scientific discovery. • European universities focused on classical liberal arts education; little attention was given to the study of science and mathematics. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) • a Polish mathematician and astronomer, used mathematics and careful observations to develop a different theory about the universe. • Until the late Renaissance, most Europeans believed the Ptolemaic view of the universe: Earth was the centre of the universe and the other planets and the sun revolved around the Earth. • Copernicus’s observations and calculations proved that the Earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. • Copernicus also proved that the Earth rotated on its axis once a day Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) • Islamic scholars helped to shape Copernicus’ view of the sun as the centre of the universe • Some historians believe that Copernicus kept his findings secret to avoid conflict with the Roman Catholic Church’s view that God made Earth the centre of the universe. • His findings were not published until shortly before his death and were banned by the Roman Catholic Church. Leonardo da Vinci • Da Vinci made a number of scientific advancements • He began dissecting human cadavers once the pope allowed it and made detailed drawings and notes that were used by physicians, as well as artists, who used the knowledge to paint more realistic human figures. • He recorded plans for numerous inventions such as parachutes, tanks, and submarines. Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man • Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), born in Florence, Italy, had great intellect and an amazing curiosity. He worked to dispel many medieval views. • Da Vinci has been called the most relentlessly curious man in history. He questioned everything. • He had a mastery of engineering, biology, painting, sculpture, botany, music, philosophy, architecture, science, mechanics, I invention, and anatomy. • The term Renaissance person refers to an individual who is not only curious about many things, but also has a deep understanding of many subject areas and the ability to accomplish feats in many disciplines. • Leonardo da Vinci is considered by many to be the ultimate Renaissance Man. Peter Henlein • About 1500,, a German locksmith, invented the spring-powered clock that let inventors make smaller clocks and watches. • It was now possible, because of this invention, to keep accurate track of smaller pieces of time. • People began to see time as small segments that could be measured and counted. How Did Writers Influence the Renaissance Worldview? • As European monarchies became more stable and gained power, a sense of pride and national identity began to develop in states across Europe.| • Latin continued to be used by the Church, but writers began to compose their works in their own vernacular languages. • This meant that the vocabularies, spellings, and grammar of the different languages had to become more standardized. • Standardized languages also increased a common sense of identity among their speakers, readers, and writers. Writers • • • • • Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400) Sir Thomas More (1478–1535) François Rabelais (1494–1553) Pléiade (mid–1500s) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400) • “There’s never a new fashion but it’s old.” — Canterbury Tales • “Forbid us something, and that thing we desire.” — Canterbury Tales • Geoffrey Chaucer was an early writer of English. In his Canterbury Tales, he wrote about the social and political circumstances of the time, using humorous stories of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury Cathedral. Sir Thomas More (1478–1535) • Sir Thomas More, an important advisor to King Henry VIII of England, advocated religious tolerance. • He was executed by the king for his refusal to denounce the Roman Catholic Church. • In 1935, he was declared a saint because of his unwavering belief in the Roman Catholic faith and his willingness to die for his beliefs. • His work Utopia describes an ideal world that has no problems. • He greatly influenced the education system in England, which began placing more emphasis on the humanities and the ideals of Renaissance humanism. How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change Social and Economic Systems? • During the Renaissance, medieval institutions such as feudalism began to break down. • Rural dwellers migrated to urban areas and a new middle class emerged based on trade and manufacturing. • More people needed to learn to read, to write, and to do arithmetic in this new economy How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change Social and Economic Systems? • The quality of life for the poor in both the cities and rural areas improved, but it was the lives of the middle class that changed the most. • Especially in the rapidly growing cities, the rising middle class contributed to the growth of a capitalist society based on trade and money How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change Social and Economic Systems? • Many merchants from the middle class became very wealthy from the increased trade and were able to purchase castles originally owned by the nobility. • Like the nobility, wealthy merchants and their families now had the leisure time and money to learn to read, to study music, and to enjoy art. The Renaissance Family • The Renaissance family was an extended family, with father, mother, children, grandparents, and unmarried or widowed aunts and uncles all living in one household. The worldview of the society determined what family roles would be. • The father ruled the household. • Mother’s role was to maintain the household and to help her husband and children succeed. • Family members worked to support the family as a whole, much as families do today who run small businesses or family farms. • Family life was valued and good relations among family members were important. • Children were looked upon differently than the way they are viewed today. There really was no childhood; children were considered to be miniature adults. They were obliged to participate in family duties and to respect their father’s authority until his death. Children’s games during the Renaissance • Please refer to page 78 of your text to discuss • During the Renaissance, artists began painting common people and their activities • Q. Which of the activities and games in this painting are familiar to you? Women in the Renaissance • Although humanists believed in education for both males and females, it was generally reserved for the elite. • Most poor males and females had no opportunity to attend school; however, even most women of the wealthy classes were not allowed to be educated and they had very little independence. • Educated women were typically regarded as unusual and viewed as exceptional. • Few women were allowed to continue their studies after they were married • A women’s role in the city-states was to be a good wife and mother • She had no political rights and her father had authority over her until she was married Reasons why the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread throughout western and northern Europe( Conclusion) • Many of the key transportation routes were being less affected by warfare. • Feudalism declined and monarchies grew more powerful. • More people travelled in the last half of the Renaissance. • Humanism encouraged questioning and discovery. • Scholars from the Islamic world, Italy, and other regions worked and studied in northern Europe. • The recovery of original classical documents and the studies done on them by scholars became known throughout the continent. • The invention of the printing press allowed for ideas to spread. • Increased trade meant more wealth and more patrons of the arts.