Download The Renaissance - Christ the Redeemer Catholic Schools

The Renaissance
What do you know
about the
Renaissance?
Pages 12 - 14
• In the 21st century, we see the Renaissance as
the era when the modern western worldview
began to develop
The First Century (CE)
The Second Century (CE)
1 - 100
101 - 200
-100
0
100
200
• The Renaissance stretched from 1350 CE to
1600 CE
– CE – Common Era. (BCE – Before Common Era)
• Era – a historical time period
• It comes from the French word renaître
– “to be born again”
 It was a rebirth of ideas that were discovered when
Europeans came into contact with forgotten Greek
and Roman ways of thinking, and ways of looking at
the world.
 Discovered the ideas that were being kept by Muslim,
Jewish & Roman Catholic scholars.
Picture of Michelangelo
showing a pupil the Belvedere
Torso. The torso was created
by an Athenian sculptor and
was lost during the time of the
fall of the Roman Empire. When
found, it influenced the artists
during the renaissance.
Think about it:
• List of Canadian values and/or beliefs:
• Is Canada experiencing a Renaissance
(“rebirth”) in any area of society?
Chapter 1
What were the Factors that shaped
the Renaissance Worldview?
Questions to be covered in this
Unit:
• What were the factors that shaped the
Renaissance worldview?
• How did the ideas of the Italian
Renaissance spread throughout
Europe?
• What is the western worldview that
grew out of the Renaissance?
th
4 Century: Western & Eastern Empire
How did other Civilizations Set the Stage for
the Renaissance in Europe?
Middle Ages
• Between the fall of the Roman empire in the 4th
century, to the beginning of the Renaissance in the
14th century, Europe was in the middle ages.
 During this time, empires in
northern Africa and Asia
were flourishing, and would
influence Europe’s move into
the Renaissance.
• After the fall of the Roman empire, the feudal
system developed. (a hierarchical class structure)
– Monarchs granted land to nobles for military support
– Alliances were formed through diplomacy between
wealthy land owners to give support to one central
monarch.
 King
 Higher Clergy
 Nobles
 Lesser Nobles/Knights/
Clergy
 Serfs/Peasants
In the Feudal System people were not able to move there
social classes and was split into rich and poor.
• Controlled all the laws and made all the
big decisions
• Were advisors to the king and the eyes
and ears for the Pope.
• Controlled land and paid taxes/provided
military support to the King
• Controlled individual plots of land,
leaders of faith, and protected the
people
• 90% of the population
– Peasants – worked hard but were able to
look for other occupations
– Serfs – tied to their lords and had no
freedom
Pic. Pg 24
Lived in
huge
castles or
fortified
manor
houses
Lived in huts
outside of
the walls. If
they worked
in the castle,
they were
able to live
there as well
Pages 16 - 17
The Silk Road
• Starting in 300 BCE, when the Roman Empire extended
into the middle east, people in the west welcomed
exotic goods from as far away as China and Japan
– Silk, Glassware, Paper, Pepper, Cinnamon
• With the large number of people moving, goods
weren’t the only thing that was moving along the silk
road.
– Ideas and Knowledge of religion, science and math,
technology, philosophy, and music
– Disease like the Black Death started in Asia, and made its
way to Europe killing millions
How has Canada’s history &
worldview been affected by contact
with other people?
Modern Day Silk Road Map
Think about it:
• What are some products that are from
places other than Europe:
THEN
NOW
• Silk
• Glassware
•Paper
• Pepper
• Cinnamon
Read Pgs: 18 - 21
•Copy down definitions on pg. 20
Role of the Islamic Civilization
• In the Beginning of the 7th century, the Islamic
faith spread quickly
• By 750 CE, it spread from Spain to Indonesia
• The center of the Islamic empire was in the
crossroads of the silk road
• The Muslim middle men were everywhere on
the route, and made the Muslim Empire very
wealthy
• More importantly, it became a center of
learning during the middle ages.
• Islamic scientists and scholars collected
mathematical and astrological documents in
libraries. They then studied and improved on
them.
– Astrolabe (Navigate by the stars)
– Ibn Sina (980 – 1037), studied diseases and the
human body. He wrote medical texts that were
used for hundreds of years
Q 1-2 pg 24
Refer to the map on pgs. 16-17
In your notebook answer the following:
• How difficult was it to move goods from
China to Italy in the Middle Ages? Compare
the transportation in the Middle Ages to
today.
• How would the geographic location of the
Islamic Empire made it a centre for leaning
& discovery
How did the Renaissance Begin?
• Because of the contact with other cultures, there
was an increased amount of ideas being shared,
and by the end of the 1300’s change was
happening more rapidly.
• During the middle ages, a majority of Europeans
shared a religious worldview put in place by the
Roman Catholic Church
– The poor accepted they would suffer and live
short lives, but be rewarded in heaven
– The rich would donate money and land to the
church, to be rewarded in heaven
• During the middle ages, the Catholic Church was
the institution that would educate, and employ
– Roman Catholic Church had a large amount of
influence on art and architecture
– Roman Catholic Church also had a large
amount of influence with Kings and their
kingdoms (Often power struggles)
The Crusades
• Judaism, Christianity and Islam all grew out of the
same religious history, so they all thought they
had a claim to the ‘Holy Land’ (Israel)
– Christians in Europe organized crusades to
recapture the area from Muslim control
• During the short time that the Christians occupied
the Holy Land, thousands of pilgrims and entire
armies traveled to Jerusalem
– From these pilgrimages, Europeans were
exposed to many different cultures, foods,
spices, exotic goods & cloths
– The travelers returned home with new ideas
and new ways of thinking
Europeans become more aware of other cultures
• The Crusades occurred over approx. 200 years
• Relationships between Christians & Muslims
developed during periods of Peace & period of
War
Black Plague
How Did the Growth of Cities
Contribute to a Changing Worldview?
Trade
• By the late middle ages, Europeans wanted more exotic
items that were brought back by the crusaders
• Many of the cities that grew were port cities.
– Some people established businesses to provide goods
for city residents
– Industries began to specialize in goods and trade.
– Workers began to find and create jobs that were not
part of the feudal system
– Some communities became so prosperous and
powerful, they became city-states
– Individuals begin to feel a sense of belonging to their
larger community
Urbanization
• Many of the peasants
thought they could find
safety and work in the
cities
 Land owners didn’t have
workers, so they moved to
the cities and started
businesses
• Cities prospered in Italy because;
– Mountains to the north helped
protect Italy from invaders
– Trading cities began to thrive in
Italy
– The ruins from Roman times
reminded people of how effective
that style of government was
– The feudal system was not strong
in Italy due to urban lifestyle
– The pope moved his court to
France leaving Italians without
much interference from the
Church
• Most of those city states
were controlled by
despots or by oligarchies
• Some of the city states in
Italy signed a treaty,
backed by the papacy,
that would not allow any
one city state to become
powerful enough to
threaten or overthrow
any other city
How did Contact between people
increase ?
• Increased trade  more people travelled = more exposure to
different goods & materials
• Merchants grew wealthier  could afford to visit other areas
• Towns & cities grew larger  more daily contact with other
people
• Warfare  soldiers saw more different lands
• Treaties were signed  travel was safer
• Diplomacy  increased contacts in other lands
• Royal families inter-married  servants had to travel with
the family to different parts
• Pope moved to Avingon  people had to travel to France,
not Rome, to see him
How did this Contact affect their lives
& worldviews?
CULTURE
• Artwork included new materials & ideas from other areas
• Books & documents began from other areas, had new ideas
• New materials meant new fashion
• Building styles & materials were inspired by other
architecture
• New foods & spices to enjoy
SOCIAL SYSTEMS
• Education included ideas from new areas & was offered by
other organizations
• People were able to choose where to work
• Feudal system began to fall apart
How did this Contact affect their lives
& worldviews?
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC
• Wealthy people became powerful
• Church’s power weakened
• City states became strong
• Citizens became proud of where they lived
How did the Governments in Italy change? How
did it affect their worldview
• Government changed from republics to oligarchies /despots
• People had less say & control over government decisions
• Wealthy merchants were able to purchase power
• Stable government creates steady supply of jobs
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC
• Central control & less power with the Church
• People felt like citizens and not servants
• Military to protect a state was important
CULTURE
• Artisans & their products became valuable to the wealthy
SOCIAL SYSTEM
• Wealthy leaders donated buildings, statues & paintings to beautify
their city-state
How has Canada’s urbanization affect people &
their worldview
• do not have much contact with the natural environment
• Used to not knowing people in their community
• May have to travel out of community to work, play, etc
• Greater variety of jobs, larger variety of goods & services
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC
• Expect wide variety of services, supports & job opportunities
• May have less say in local government decisions
CULTURE
• More access to entertainment & recreational facilities
• Architecture is more varied
• More diverse cultures & many languages spoken
SOCIAL SYSTEM
• More schools, libraries, advanced education
• Support for families & individuals in need
• Need to provide services for homeless
Social Systems
Florence
Venice
Genoa
Political & Economic
Systems
Culture
•Merchant class gained
status
•Guilds organized
•Centre for wool, cloth
& silk
•Banking;
•Ruled by Medici
oligarchy & wealthy
noblemen
•Painters, sculptors,
architects
•Patron of the arts
•3 social classes
•Scuole provided
support to members &
the poor
•Doge as head of state
•Sea trade
•Cenre of book trade
•Religion – cathedrals
built
•Merchant class
supported the arts
•Carnevale celebrations
•Social class system
•Founded bank
•Navy, shipbuilders,
merchants
•Clans/famillies
controlled sections of
the city = dictator took
over power = despot
•Arts, architecture
•University of Genoa
•
•
•
•
•
What the City States had in
common:
Located on important trade routes
Commercial centres
Populations of more than 100, 000
Hierarchical social class systems
The wealthy were patrons of the arts
Unique Aspects of each City State:
FLORENCE
• Richest city state
• Centre of the Renaissance
• Hilly area was good for sheep = wool
• Good trading location on Arno River
VENICE
• Canals as streets
• Centre of trade between Asia & Europe
• On shallow islands along coast of Adriatic Sea
GENOA
• Strongest city state
• Controlled other ports in the Mediterranean
• On a narrow strip of land between sea & mountains
• Crossroads between Europe & Mediterranean
Michael Angelo’s Pieta
Chapter 2
How did the ideas of the
Italian Renaissance
spread throughout
Europe?
How did the ideas of the Italian Renaissance
spread throughout Europe?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Renaissance ideas developed in Italy(centre of the early Renaissance)
Gradually spread west and north to all areas of western Europe- the
exchange of ideas was the key part of the Renaissance spreading
throughout Europe
Scholars and artists from all of Europe travelled to Italy’s city-states to
study and exchange ideas
Artists across Europe developed new techniques and ideas that were
then adopted by other artists
Writers and philosophers expressed ideas that showed changing
worldviews
Scientists began to use scientific observation, and mathematicians began
applying mathematics to everyday life
Ongoing contact and exchange of ideas between Italian Renaissance
society and the rest of Europe ensured the spread of these ideas
throughout the continent.
Where and how did the Renaissance Spread?
• Renaissance ideas that developed in Italy
gradually spread to western and northern
Europe towards the end of the 15th century
• As Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy,
they were changed and adapted by the
citizens of the new states to reflect their
societies
Why Were Ideas so Slow to Spread?
• Ideas of the Renaissance were slow to spread
because of:
• Feudalism-as long as it existed there was little
concern with introducing new ideas
• War -resources were used for military purposes,
survival, or expansion, but not for advancing
arts/sciences
• Religion –while Italians underwent the Renaissance
, the people in the rest of Europe remained under
the care and influence of the Roman Catholic
Church and maintained the status quo
What Allowed Renaissance Ideas to Spread
More Quickly?
• Once the hundred years war was over travel
across the continent became safer
• people moved from rural areas to cities in search
of work
• Decline of feudalism
• Allowed people freedom to explore changes in
society and new ideas in arts, sciences, and
philosophy
Con’t
• Increased trade meant business and
banking increased
• Members of the new merchant class
travelled, seeing the way others lived,
exchanging new ideas, bringing back works
of art
• They used their wealth to support artists
• Growth of Humanism
Humanism
• A system of thought that centres on
humans and their values, potential, and
worth; concerned with the needs and
welfare of humans
• Valued:
• life on earth, Contact with other cultures,
Educational reform
The Printing Press
• No other invention has changed the world as much as
the invention of the printing press
• The rapid spread of Renaissance ideas was made
possible by Johann Gutenberg ( 1399-1468) of Mainz,
Germany, invented the mechanical printing press
around the mid-1400’s
• The Chinese had been printing for centuries, using
limited movable type. They also invented paper.
Knowledge of both these inventions moved along the
Silk Road
• The first European book printed was the Gutenberg
Bible, around 1454 or 1455
How did Humanism Affect the Renaissance
Worldview?
• Humanism- was the key idea of the
Renaissance
• It focuses on human beings, their values, abilities,
and individual worth, and human society as
something valuable that could be improved
• European scholars became more aware of
classical writings from the Greeks and Romans
that Islamic cultures and isolated Jewish and
European scholars had preserved
How did Humanism Affect the Renaissance
Worldview?
• Classical writings suggested life on Earth,
during people’s lifetimes, had value.
• Before this, most people believed that
preparing for the afterlife was more important
than worrying about daily life in this world.
• studies of the ancient texts and their contacts
with other cultures led academics to believe
that humans had the potential to do great
things as individuals and not be limited by the
strict social roles of the Middle Ages.
How Did Scholars and Philosophers
Spread the Ideas of Humanism?
• As more students in northern Europe were exposed
to the ideas of humanism, they wanted to learn
more.
• Many travelled to study at Italian universities.
These students returned to their homes with new
ideas and new attitudes.
• Humanism supported civic duty and the value of
learning and asking questions about the world.
• Nobles now believed, more than ever, that these
qualities of citizenship were important and
promoted these ideals among their courts and their
subjects.
• Q. How does this relate to us?
Philosophers and Scholars of Humanism
• Petrarch (1304–1374)
• Erasmus ( 1466-1536)
• Guillaume Budé (1467–1540)
• Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
Petrarch (1304–1374)
• Italy’s first great humanist scholar and writer was Petrarch
• best known for discovering and translating ancient classical
Greek and Roman texts and promoting their study
• believed artists, writers, and scholars should return to the
sources, to the original manuscripts, for their humanist studies
• He believed that truly educated people read books, travelled
widely, and surrounded themselves with beautiful art.
• Believed that much of the ancient Roman and Greek societies
was superior to European society in the 1300s.
Erasmus ( 1466-1536)
• He believed that the Bible should be
translated from Latin and Greek into the
vernacular languages of Europe so that
more people could read it
• Vernacular: local, common, or native,
referring in particular to languages
Guillaume Budé (1467–1540)
• French universities were soon changing their
law programs to follow Budé’s ideas of
applying the ideas of the classics to
contemporary issues
• Budé was also in charge of the King’s Library;
he filled it with ancient manuscripts and works
of humanist scholars.
• This library was the origin of the National
Library of France, which today is one of the
world’s greatest libraries
Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
• Like Erasmus, Montaigne was very interested in educational reform
• In his Essais, he criticized the way students were taught in France:
“Our tutors and teachers never stopped bawling into our ears as
though they were pouring water into a funnel, and our task is only
to repeat what has been told us. I want him to listen to his pupil
speaking in his turn.”
• Montaigne believed self-awareness taught tolerance and good
sense. Montaigne did not believe the Church or any person had the
answers to all of life’s questions. He thought people could learn
more about the world if they were open-minded and curious rather
than accepting ideas without questioning them.
How Did Artists Help Spread
the Ideas of the Renaissance?
• Art played a major role in spreading the
worldviews of humanism because the
artists began to paint pictures of real life
and the world around them
Artists and the Renaissance
• Renaissance artists developed new artistic styles, techniques, and
materials in line with changing worldviews.
• They created masterpieces that are still judged as some of the finest
artwork in the history of the world.
• During the Renaissance, art began to reflect the new thinking of
humanism.
• Humanists looked to Islamic, Roman and Greek writing, art, and
architecture for inspiration. They became more interested in the
world around them than in the afterlife and believed that they were
entitled to have beauty and joy in this earthly life.
•
The artists changed their painting styles dramatically, portraying
humanist subject matter or religious works in humanist style.
Artists and the Renaissance
• During the 14th and early 15th centuries,
Renaissance art continued to focus primarily
on religious themes
• In the later period of the Renaissance, artists
created more realistic images of the human
form because they had a better understanding
of the human body (Doctors and scientists
were now allowed to dissect human corpses to
study the body.)
• They also began using perspective
Artists and the Renaissance
• Donatello’s ( 1386-1466) David:
• The biblical story of David and Goliath tells
how the young Hebrew David offered to battle
the giant Goliath of the attacking Philistines.
• He overcame Goliath by hitting him in the
head with a stone and then decapitating him.
The Philistines fled.
• The story illustrates how faith and
determination can overcome huge obstacles
How Did Ideas Spread Among
Scientists and Mathematicians?
The progress of science was slow during the European Middle Ages.
A number of factors contributed to the lack of focus/advances on
science and mathematics:
• Religion put the focus on the afterlife; scientific questioning
was discouraged.
• Europe was still steeped in superstition; most people believed
in astrology, magic, and witchcraft.
• Wealthy patrons were more interested in sponsoring the arts,
so there was little money left over for people interested in scientific
discovery.
• European universities focused on classical liberal arts
education; little attention was given to the study of science and
mathematics.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)
• a Polish mathematician and astronomer, used
mathematics and careful observations to develop a
different theory about the universe.
• Until the late Renaissance, most Europeans
believed the Ptolemaic view of the universe: Earth
was the centre of the universe and the other planets
and the sun revolved around the Earth.
• Copernicus’s observations and calculations proved
that the Earth and the other planets revolved
around the sun.
• Copernicus also proved that the Earth rotated on
its axis once a day
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)
• Islamic scholars helped to shape Copernicus’
view of the sun as the centre of the universe
• Some historians believe that Copernicus kept
his findings secret to avoid conflict with the
Roman Catholic Church’s view that God made
Earth the centre of the universe.
• His findings were not published until shortly
before his death and were banned by the
Roman Catholic Church.
Leonardo da Vinci
• Da Vinci made a number of scientific
advancements
• He began dissecting human cadavers once the
pope allowed it and made detailed drawings
and notes that were used by physicians, as
well as artists, who used the knowledge to
paint more realistic human figures.
• He recorded plans for numerous inventions
such as parachutes, tanks, and submarines.
Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), born in Florence, Italy, had great
intellect and an amazing curiosity. He worked to dispel many
medieval views.
• Da Vinci has been called the most relentlessly curious man in
history. He questioned everything.
• He had a mastery of engineering, biology, painting, sculpture,
botany, music, philosophy, architecture, science, mechanics,
I invention, and anatomy.
• The term Renaissance person refers to an individual who is not
only curious about many things, but also has a deep
understanding of many subject areas and the ability to
accomplish feats in many disciplines.
• Leonardo da Vinci is considered by many to be the ultimate
Renaissance Man.
Peter Henlein
• About 1500,, a German locksmith, invented
the spring-powered clock that let inventors
make smaller clocks and watches.
• It was now possible, because of this
invention, to keep accurate track of smaller
pieces of time.
• People began to see time as small
segments that could be measured and
counted.
How Did Writers Influence
the Renaissance Worldview?
• As European monarchies became more stable and
gained power, a sense of pride and national identity
began to develop in states across Europe.|
• Latin continued to be used by the Church, but writers
began to compose their works in their own vernacular
languages.
• This meant that the vocabularies, spellings, and
grammar of the different languages had to become more
standardized.
• Standardized languages also increased a common
sense of identity among their speakers, readers, and
writers.
Writers
•
•
•
•
•
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400)
Sir Thomas More (1478–1535)
François Rabelais (1494–1553)
Pléiade (mid–1500s)
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400)
• “There’s never a new fashion but it’s old.” —
Canterbury Tales
• “Forbid us something, and that thing we desire.”
— Canterbury Tales
• Geoffrey Chaucer was an early writer of English.
In his Canterbury Tales, he wrote about the
social and political circumstances of the time,
using humorous stories of pilgrims on their way
to Canterbury Cathedral.
Sir Thomas More (1478–1535)
• Sir Thomas More, an important advisor to King Henry VIII of
England, advocated religious tolerance.
• He was executed by the king for his refusal to denounce the Roman
Catholic Church.
• In 1935, he was declared a saint because of his unwavering belief in
the Roman Catholic faith and his willingness to die for his beliefs.
•
His work Utopia describes an ideal world that has no problems.
• He greatly influenced the education system in England, which began
placing more emphasis on the humanities and the ideals of
Renaissance humanism.
How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change
Social and Economic Systems?
• During the Renaissance, medieval institutions
such as feudalism began to break down.
• Rural dwellers migrated to urban areas and a
new middle class emerged based on trade and
manufacturing.
• More people needed to learn to read, to write,
and to do arithmetic in this new economy
How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change
Social and Economic Systems?
• The quality of life for the poor in both the
cities and rural areas improved, but it was
the lives of the middle class that changed
the most.
• Especially in the rapidly growing cities, the
rising middle class contributed to the
growth of a capitalist society based on
trade and money
How Did the Ideas of the Renaissance Change
Social and Economic Systems?
• Many merchants from the middle class
became very wealthy from the increased
trade and were able to purchase castles
originally owned by the nobility.
• Like the nobility, wealthy merchants and
their families now had the leisure time and
money to learn to read, to study music, and
to enjoy art.
The Renaissance Family
• The Renaissance family was an extended family, with father, mother,
children, grandparents, and unmarried or widowed aunts and uncles
all living in one household. The worldview of the society determined
what family roles would be.
• The father ruled the household.
• Mother’s role was to maintain the household and to help her husband
and children succeed.
• Family members worked to support the family as a whole, much as
families do today who run small businesses or family farms.
• Family life was valued and good relations among family members were
important.
• Children were looked upon differently than the way they are viewed
today. There really was no childhood; children were considered to be
miniature adults. They were obliged to participate in family duties
and to respect their father’s authority until his death.
Children’s games during the Renaissance
• Please refer to page 78 of your text to discuss
• During the Renaissance, artists began
painting common people and their
activities
• Q. Which of the activities and games in this
painting are familiar to you?
Women in the Renaissance
• Although humanists believed in education for both
males and females, it was generally reserved for the
elite.
• Most poor males and females had no opportunity
to attend school; however, even most women of the
wealthy classes were not allowed to be educated
and they had very little independence.
• Educated women were typically regarded as
unusual and viewed as exceptional.
• Few women were allowed to continue their studies
after they were married
• A women’s role in the city-states was to be a good
wife and mother
• She had no political rights and her father had
authority over her until she was married
Reasons why the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread
throughout western and northern Europe( Conclusion)
• Many of the key transportation routes were being less affected
by warfare.
• Feudalism declined and monarchies grew more powerful.
• More people travelled in the last half of the Renaissance.
• Humanism encouraged questioning and discovery.
• Scholars from the Islamic world, Italy, and other regions
worked and studied in northern Europe.
• The recovery of original classical documents and the studies
done on them by scholars became known throughout the
continent.
• The invention of the printing press allowed for ideas to spread.
• Increased trade meant more wealth and more patrons of the arts.