Download Student book answers Chapter 2

Student book answers
Chapter 2
B1 2.1 Levels of organisation
In-text questions
A cell
B for example, nervous tissue
C for example, skin
D for example, circulatory system
Activity
Organise this
nerve cell, nervous tissue, brain, nervous system, chimpanzee
Summary
questions
1 cell – building blocks of life; tissue – group of similar cells working together; organ –
group of tissues working together; organ system – group of organs working together;
organism – group of organ systems working together (5 marks)
2 For example, the digestive system is made up of the following organs: (pancreas,)
stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine. (2 marks)
3 One mark for correctly ordering the levels of organisation; one mark for each
correctly linked example. For example, nerve cell (cell)
nerve tissue (tissue)
brain
(organ) nervous system (organ system) human (multicellular organism) (6 marks)
B1 2.2 Gas exchange
In-text questions
A ribcage
B alveolus (plural alveoli)
C nitrogen
Activity
Which chart?
A pie chart makes the difference between inhaled and exhaled air clear. Bar chart could
also be used.
Summary
questions
1 One mark for each correct row (4 marks).
Inhaled
Exhaled
more
less
less
more
oxygen
carbon dioxide
temperature
colder
hotter
water vapour
less
more
2 Credit correctly labelled diagrams with adaptations of each part. (3 marks)
3 QWC question (6 marks). Example answers:
Carbon dioxide moves/diffuses out of the blood; moves/diffuses into an air sac (alveolus);
moves through a bronchiole; moves through a bronchus; moves up the windpipe
(trachea); and leaves your body (is exhaled) through your mouth/nose.
B1 2.3 Breathing
In-text questions
A The ribcage moves up and out.
B It moves up.
Activity
Lung volume
Lung volume can be found from the practical activity.
Doctors would not use this method as the resolution of the water bottle is poor, which
leads to imprecise results.
© Oxford University Press 2014 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
Student book answers
Chapter 2
Summary
questions
1 One mark for each correct row (3 marks).
Inhaling
Exhaling
ribs move
up and out
down and in
diaphragm
moves
down
up
increases
decreases
chest volumes
2 Any two from: smoking, asthma, old age, other names lung condition. (2 marks)
3 Take a bottle containing a known volume of water. Turn bottle upside down so neck
of bottle is underwater. Ask Bolt to breathe out through a tube inserted into the
bottle. Difference in volume of water at the end and the start is his lung volume. (3
marks)
4 Example answers (6 marks):
Rubber sheet represents the diaphragm; bell jar – chest cavity; balloons – lungs;
pulling sheet down – diaphragm contracting.
Volume in bell jar now increased. Decreased pressure pulls air into balloons. Balloons
inflate, representing air in lungs.
At least one problem with the model. Credit suitable suggestions, for example,
bell jar walls represent ribcage, but do not move. Area around balloons is air –
not correct in the body.
B1 2.4 Skeleton
In-text questions
A A living tissue with a blood supply, which is strong but slightly flexible.
B To support the body, protect vital organs, help the body to move, and make blood
cells.
C muscle tissue
D bone marrow
Activity
Naming bones
patella, scapula, mandible
Summary
questions
1 bones, support, protect, blood, marrow (5 marks)
2 Any three from:
hollow, contains bone marrow, produces blood cells, provides support, enables movement.
3 QWC question (6 marks). Example answers:
Bones/bone marrow produce blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen around the animal.
White blood cells protect against infection.
Bones are strong. They protect organs from being crushed.
Provide structure to the organism.
In conjunction with muscles, bones allow the animal to move.
© Oxford University Press 2014 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
Student book answers
Chapter 2
B1 2.5 Movement: joints
In-text questions
A Where bones two or more join together.
B knee and elbow
C newton
Activity
Health and safety
There is a high risk of causing injury to yourself, straining/spraining a muscle, and
tearing a ligament if you drop the dumbbell on yourself.
Summary
questions
1 bones, movement, hip, cartilage, rubbing (5 marks)
2 Diagram showing (any three from):
two bones, ligament(s) joining the bones together, cartilage on ends of bones, fluid
surrounding joint.
3 Example answers (6 marks):
measuring equipment – newton (bathroom) scale; muscle force measured from
reading on newton scale; select named muscle (e.g. biceps); push onto newton scale;
record reading on scale; repeat reading to check for errors; calculate average force
exerted on scale; repeat for second or subsequent muscle group(s)
B1 2.6 Movement: muscles
In-text questions
A Many muscle cells need to work together to cause movement.
B Any three from: neck muscles, shoulder muscles, biceps and triceps, abdominal
muscles, thigh muscles, calf muscles, shin muscles.
C The muscle gets shorter.
Activity
Model limb
The model should include a pair of antagonistic muscles on either side of a joint.
Muscles should not be able to push, they can only contract. When one muscle
contracts, the other relaxes.
Summary
questions
1 tendons, contracts, pulls, joint, antagonistic (5 marks)
2 Tendons join muscle to bone, ligaments join bone to bone. (2 marks)
3 Example answers (6 marks):
Muscles can only pull.
One muscle is required to bend the joint.
A second muscle is required to straighten the joint. The muscles act on opposite sides
of the joint.
As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. The muscle pair is antagonistic.
Diagrams depicting the bending and straightening of a joint.
B1 Chapter 2 summary
© Oxford University Press 2014 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
Student book answers
Chapter 2
1 reproductive system – produces new organisms, digestive system – breaks down food
End-of-chapter
questions
so it can be absorbed, respiratory system – takes in oxygen, removes carbon dioxide,
circulatory system – transports materials around the body. (4 marks)
2a muscle cell (1 mark)
b contract/cause movement (1 mark)
c Group of similar cells working together to perform a function. (1 mark)
d organ system (1 mark)
e Two organs named with the correct function. One mark for the name, one mark for
the function. (4 marks)
3a newton bathroom scale/forcemeter/newtonmeter (1 mark)
b newtons (1 mark)
c To make results more reliable/to check for an anomalies/to check for errors. (1
mark)
d Any three from the following:
Select first student. Push up against a bathroom scale, for example, against the
bottom surface of a table. Repeat reading at least once to check for errors/anomalies.
Repeat for other students in the group. Draw results as a bar chart.
4a ribs/ribcage (1 mark)
b diffusion (1 mark) c muscle (1 mark) d Any three from:
Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage lowers/moves in, chest cavity decreases in volume, pressure
in chest increases, air/carbon dioxide force out of the lungs.
5
This is a QWC question. Students should be marked on the use of good English,
organisation of information, spelling and grammar, and correct use of specialist terms.
The best answers will be organised clearly in paragraphs, linking ideas, and reasoning
correctly to compare the differences in exhaled and inhaled air (maximum of 6 marks).
Examples of correct scientific points: Inhaled air contains more oxygen. Oxygen is used
in respiration.
Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide is a waste product of
respiration. Exhaled air contains more water vapour.
Water vapour is a waste product of respiration.Exhaled air is warmer.
Answer guide for Big Write
Developing
Secure
Extending
1–2 marks
3–4 marks
5–6 marks
The cartoon strip lacks detail. At
The cartoon strip is clearly
The cartoon strip is well presented.
least one bone or muscle used
presented. At least one muscle
The student has labelled at least
when tossing a pancake will
and one bone used when tossing
one bone and two muscles used
have been labelled.
a pancake will have been labelled.
when tossing a pancake. A detailed
A simple explanation of how the
explanation of how the body moves
body moves has been given.
has been given, including the
correct use of the term antagonistic
muscles.
© Oxford University Press 2014 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.