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DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION PAGE 6 DNA Notes Day 2 Warm Up What is the base pairing rule?_____________________________________________________ How DNA is Copied • DNA is double stranded – base pairing allows for easy copying; one strand serves as a ______________ for a new strand • ____________________– the process of making a new DNA strand • DNA double helix is __________________by an enzyme called a ________________. Helicase breaks ___________________ bonds linking the nitrogen bases • The point where the helix separates is called the ______________ ___________. • At the fork; enzymes called DNA polymerase moves along the strands, reading the nitrogen base of each nucleotide, and adds the ______________________ nucleotide to the new strand • DNA polymerase will ___________________ – it will only add a new nucleotide if the previous one was added correctly following the base pair rules • ______________________ occurs in many places within the strand. It does not start at one end and end at the other; but occurs in segments DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION Steps for Replication 1. DNA ________________ unzips the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together 2. The two strands unwind creating a __________________ __________. 3. Each strand serves as a _____________ so the correct pair can come in and bind to the strands 4. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together and _____________ the new strand. Proofreading improves the odds of not having _______________ in the DNA 5. Two _________________ DNA molecules are made The Path of Genetic Information • Cells turn the information found within the ____________ on DNA into a set of instructions for use in building ________________. • This set of instructions of the gene is called ribonucleic acid or _________. • RNA is a____________ strand of nucleotides; DNA is ____________ stranded • The sugar in RNA is a 5 Carbon sugar called ____________; DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose • RNA does not contain _____________, but has replaced Thymine with the base __________ DNA compared to RNA How many strands? Nucleotide subunit Phosphate Group DNA RNA 2 1 Deoxyribose Sugar Nitro -gen Base phate Nitro -gen Base Ribose Sugar Group Deoxyribose sugar Bases Phos- Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) T–A G–C Ribose sugar Uracil (U) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) U–A G–C DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION There are 3 forms of RNA 1. 2. 3. • PAGE 7 mRNA = messenger RNA tRNA = transfer RNA rRNA = ribosomal RNA All 3 RNA’s are responsible for processing the information in a gene into ___________, this process is GENE EXPRESSION • Gene expression occurs in 2 stages. 1. Transcription (RNA is made) 2. Translation (protein is made) Transcription: Making RNA • • • __________________ takes place inside the ________________ ____________ is made in the form of mRNA. It has a U (uracil) instead of T (thymine) – _____________________________ Three Types of RNA • _______________ – used as a blueprint or template for a protein; carries DNA’s information to site of translation • ______________ – decodes mRNA into amino acid sequences • • ______________ – RNA part of a ribosomes structure. The Genetic Code • Instructions on _________ are written as a series of __________ nucleotide sequences called a _____________. • Each ______________ (every three nucleotides) corresponds to a certain ______________________ or a stop signal • • _______possible codon combinations Translation: Making Proteins • Takes place in the _______________ • _____________ carries the code so that proteins can be made. • _____________ translates that code and turns it into protein. DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION Genes and Proteins • _____________ contain nothing more than the instructions for assembling proteins • ______________ are the keys to almost everything that living cells do • Many proteins are enzymes which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions Examples of enzymes determining characteristics • An ______________produces the ________________ that makes a flower red • An enzyme produces an ____________ on your red blood cells determining your _____________________ • Enzymes control the growth, shape, and size of your cells MEDIA CLIP QUESTIONS 1. Your chromosomes are in which organelle? _____________________________ 2. Chromosomes contain long coils of what? _________________ 3. How long would DNA from ONE cell stretch? _______________________ 4. The four building blocks pair as follows: ___ with ___ and ___ with ___ 5. What kind of polymerase copies the information in a gene? ________________ 6. The DNA always stays where? ______________________________ 7. What then, takes the genetic information out of the nucleus? ___________________ 8. What reads mRNA to make it into a protein? ___________________________ 9. What molecule translates DNA and RNA into protein? ____________________ 10. What do proteins do? _____________________________________________________