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CORE SCIENCE UNIT 1 B1 C1 P1 Foundation GRADE CHECKERS B1 Grade Checker- foundation tier Revising module B1 To help you start your revision, the specification fro module B1 has been summarised in the checklist below. Work your way along each row and make sure that you are happy with all the statements for your target grade. B 1 a To aim for a grade G-E Explain why blood in arteries is under pressure. Recognise that the risk of developing heart disease can be increased by a number of factors. Describe how cholesterol can restrict or block blood vessels. B 1 b B 1 c B 1 d To aim for a grade D-C Recall what blood pressure measurements consist of. Describe the factors that increase and decrease blood pressure. Explain the difference between fitness and health Explain how smoking increases blood pressure. Explain how diet can reduce the risk of heart disease. Recall what carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are made of. Explain the factors involved in how a balanced diet will vary from person to person. Explain why protein deficiency is common in developing countries. Calculate EAR for protein. Calculate and understand BMI measurements. Explain how poor self image can lead to a poor diet. Explain What a balanced diet should contain and why. Explain why teenagers need a high protein diet. Explain why diets in many parts of the world are deficient in protein. Recall that proteins are only used as an energy source in a shortage. Recall that obesity is linked to increased health risks. Recall that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. Recall examples of diseases caused by different types of pathogen. Describe the human body’s defences against pathogens. Understand that some disorders have other causes, including genetic causes. Recall that immunisation gives protection against certain pathogens. Describe how pathogens are destroyed by the body’s immune system Explain why new treatments are tested before use. Recall the meaning of the terms parasite and host with reference to malaria. Describe how vectors carry disease. Describe changes in lifestyle and diet that may reduce the risk of cancer. Explain how pathogens cause the symptoms of a disease. Recall how antibiotics fight pathogens. Explain the difference between passive and active immunity Recall the difference between antibiotics and antiviral drugs. Describe how new treatments are tested. Understand objections to some forms of testing. Describe the functions of the main parts of the eye. Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of monocular and binocular vision. Explain the cause of common vision problems. Name and locate the parts of a motor neurone. Recall that the nerve impulse passes along the axon. Describe a reflex arc. Describe the path of a spinal reflex. Describe the functions of the body’s sense organs. Name and locate the main parts of the eye. Describe the difference between monocular and binocular vision. Describe the most common vision problems. Name and locate the main parts of the nervous system. Describe nerve impulses. Describe reflex actions. Recognise that voluntary responses are under the conscious control of the brain. B1 Grade Checker- foundation tier B 1 e B 1 f B 1 g B 1 h To aim for a grade G-E Recognise that some drugs can be beneficial of harmful. Explain why some drugs are only available on prescription Explain addiction, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance and rehabilitation. Describe the general effects of the different drug categories. Recall the health problems caused by smoking. Describe the effects of carbon monoxide, nicotine, tars, and particulates on the body. Recognise short and long term effects of alcohol on the body. Explain why there is a legal alcohol limit. Recognise that the body works to maintain a steady rate. Recall that the normal core human body temperature is 37ºC. Describe how the measure body temperature. Describe how heat can be lost. Name, locate and recall the function of the pancreas. Recall the cause of Type 1 diabetes. Describe how insulin travels around the body. Recognise that plants and animals respond to environmental changes. Understand that plant growth is controlled by plant hormones. Describe am experiment showing that shoots grow toward light. Understand how growth toward light increases the plant’s chance of survival. Understand that roots grow downwards due to gravity. Recognise that plant hormones are used in agricultural to control plant growth. Determine human characteristics that are a result of both environmental and inherited factors. Recall that chromosomes in the nucleus carry genes controlling inherited characteristics. Recognise that most body cells contain matching pairs of chromosomes. Recall that gametes have half the number of chromosomes of body cells. Recognise that some disorders are inherited. To aim for a grade D-C Explain the basis for the legal classification of drugs. Recall examples of the different drug categories. Describe the effects of cigarette smoke on ciliated epithelial cells. Explain why damage to ciliated epithelial cells can cause ‘smokers cough’. Describe how alcohol can cause cirrhosis of the liver. Understand homeostasis and what it involves. Explain why internal conditions are kept steady by automatic control systems. Explain how sweating increases heat transfer to the environment Describe the problems caused by extreme body temperatures. Recall that insulin controls blood sugar levels. Explain how Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is controlled. Explain why responses controlled by hormones are usually slower than those controlled by the nervous system. Describe shoots and roots in terms of phototropism and geotropism. Recall the actions of auxins. Relate the actions of plant hormones to their commercial uses. Identify inherited characteristics as dominant or recessive. Describe how sex in mammals is determined by the XX and XY sex chromosomes. Explain the causes of generic variation. Recall that the number of chromosomes in body cells varies between species. Recall that alleles are different versions of the same gene. Understand that inherited disorders are caused by faulty genes. C1 Grade Checker- foundation tier Revising module C1 To help you start your revision, the specification for module C1 has been summarised in the checklist below. Work your way along each row and make sure that you are happy with all the statements for your target grade. C 1 a C 1 b C 1 c To aim for a grade G-E Recall that crude oil, coal and gas are fossil fuel. Describe what non-renewable fuels are. Recognise what fractional distillation does. Understand the principle of fractional distillation. Recognise the fractions obtained from crude oil. Recall that LPG contains propane and butane gases. Describe environmental problems associated with crude oil. Label laboratory apparatus for cracking liquid paraffin. Describe cracking as a process that converts large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones. List the factors involved in choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Recall that fuel combustion releases useful heat energy. Understand that complete combustion requires plentiful oxygen, while incomplete combustion occurs when there is a shortage of oxygen. Understand that complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel makes carbon dioxide and water, while incomplete combustion makes carbon monoxide, carbon and water. Construct word equations for complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, given the reactants and products. Explain why a blue Bunsen flame releases more energy that a yellow one. Understand that a yellow flame produces soot. Recall that carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Recall that air contains oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Understand that present day atmospheric oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide levels are constant. Understand that photosynthesis decreases carbon dioxide levels and increases oxygen levels in the air. Understand that respiration and combustion increases carbon dioxide levels and decrease oxygen levels in the air. Relate common air pollutants to the source. Understand the function of a catalytic converter. To aim for a grade D-C Explain why fossil fuels are non renewable, finite resources. Describe oil as a mixture of many hydrocarbons. Label a diagram of a fractional distillation column. Describe how fractional distillation works. Explain potential environmental problems associated with transportation of crude oil. Describe the process of cracking in terms of alkenes and alkenes molecules. Suggest key factors to consider when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Describe an experiment to show that complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water. Construct word equations for complete and incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon (not all reactants and products given). Explain the advantages of complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels over incomplete combustion. Recall the percentage composition by volume of clean air. Describe a simple carbon cycle involving photosynthesis, respiration and combustion. Describe how the present day atmosphere evolved. Explain why atmospheric pollution control is important. Understand that a catalytic converter changes carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. C1 Grade Checker- foundation tier C 1 d C 1 e C 1 f C 1 g C 1 h To aim for a grade G-E Recall the two elements chemically combined in a hydrocarbon. Recognise a hydrocarbon form its formula. Recognise that alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons. Deduce the name of an addition polymer given the name of the monomer. Recall that polymers are made when monomers join together in a polymerisation reaction. To aim for a grade D-C Recall that a hydrocarbon is a compound formed between carbon and hydrogen atoms. Explain why a compound is a hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds only, and that alkenes are hydrocarbons with double covalent between carbon atoms. Describe how to test for an alkene. Recognise the displayed formula for a polymer. Describe addition polymerisation. Recall that nylon is used in clothing. Understand that many polymers are non biodegradable. Explain the problems with disposing of non biodegradable polymers. Recall the ways in which waste polymers can be disposed of. Suggest desirable properties for a polymer intended for a particular purpose. Explain the suitability of a polymer for a particular purpose, based on its properties. Compare the properties of nylon and GoreTex® Explain why chemists are developing new types of polymers. Explain the environmental and economic issues associated with the use of polymers. Recall that protein molecules in eggs and meat change shape (are denatured) in cooking. Describe emulsifiers. Recall the word equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Construct a balanced symbol equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Recognise the factors that mean a chemical change is taking place. Explain why cooking is a chemical change. Relate types of food additive to their function. Explain how baking powder makes cakes rise. Recall the chemical test for carbon dioxide. Understand that cosmetics may be either synthetic or natural. Recall that esters are perfumes that can be made synthetically. Recall the physical properties of perfumes. Understand the terms solvent, solute, solution, soluble and insoluble. Recall that testing cosmetics on animal is banned in the EU. Explain the need to thoroughly test cosmetics. Relate paint ingredients to their function. Recall the formulation of oil paints. Recall the properties and uses of thermo chromic pigments. Recall that phosphorescent pigments can glow. Recall that alcohols react with acids to form an ester and water. Describe a simple experiment to make an ester. Explain why a perfume needs certain properties Recall that esters can be used as solvents. Describe a solution. Explain why testing cosmetics on animals are banned in the EU. Describe paint as colloid. Describe how many paints dry. Describe emulsion paints as water based paints that dry when the solvent evaporates. Explain why thermo chromic pigments are suited to a particular use. Explain why phosphorescent pigments glow. P1 Grade Checker- foundation tier Revising module P1 To help you start your revision, the specification for module P1 has been summarised in the checklist below. Work your way along each row and make sure that you are happy with all the statements for your target grade. P 1 a P 1 b P 1 c To aim for a grade G-E Understand that for warm bodies the rate of cooling depends on the temperature difference compared to the surroundings. Understand that colour in a thermogram indicates temperature. Recall that heat is a measurement of energy and is measured in Joules (J). Describe the factors affecting the energy needed to change the temperature of a body. Describe an experiment to measure the energy required to change the temperature of a body. To aim for a grade D-C Recognise and understand the consequences of the direction of energy flow between bodies of different temperatures. Understand that temperatures can be represented by a range of colours in a thermogram. Understand the concepts of specific heat capacity and specific latent heat. Use the specific heat capacity equation. Use the specific latent heat equation. Describe how there is no temperature change when materials are boiling, melting, or freezing. Explain why trapped air in materials is a good insulator. Recall that infrared radiation is reflected or absorbed by different surfaces. Understand how absorption and reflection of infrared radiation can be applied in everyday situations. Describe examples of energy saving methods in the home. Explain how the fact that air is a good insulator and is used to keep homes warm. Describe other domestic energy saving methods. Use the energy efficiency equation Identify and name the main features of a transverse wave. Recall that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same high speed in space of in a vacuum. Use the wave equation. Recall that electromagnetic waves travel in straight lines. Use ray diagrams to describe reflection at single plane boundaries. Describe a communications use for radio, microwave, infrared and visible light. Explain how energy is transferred. Explain how losses by energy transfer can be reduced by domestic energy saving measures. Explain that energy is lost from houses to the atmosphere. Understand that energy is conserved of proteins. Describe the main features of a traverse wave. Determine the wavelength of frequency of a wave from a diagram and use this in the wave equation. Use ray diagrams to describe reflection at multiple plane boundaries. Understand that reflection occurs due to change in wave speed. Describe diffraction of waves at an opening. Identify and order the seven types of electromagnetic wave in the spectrum. Relate the size of a communications receiver to the wavelength of the type of signal received. P1 Grade Checker- foundation tier P 1 d P 1 e P 1 f P 1 g P 1 h To aim for a grade G-E Describe the historic use of light for communication in the form of code. Recognise where Total Internal Reflection happens. Understand how light and infrared radiation travel along an optical fibre by reflection. Understand the type of light produces by lasers, and what makes them useful for. Recall that warm and hot objects emit infrared radiation. Understand that infrared radiation is absorbed by different surfaces, causing temperature increase. Recognise that microwaves cause heating when absorbed by water or fat Recall that mobile phones use microwave signals. Describe concerns about children using mobile phones. Recall that different studies into the effects of mobile phone use have reached conflicting conclusions. Describe everyday uses of infrared radiation. Understand how passive infrared sensors and thermal imaging cameras work. Describe the difference between analogue and digital signals. Describe reflection of radiation used for communication, and how this can be an advantage or a disadvantage for signal reception. Recognise that wireless technology uses electromagnetic radiation. Describe the advantages of wireless technology. Describe the effects of shock waves from an earthquake. Recall the effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Recognise that sunscreens can reduce damage from ultraviolet radiation. Recall the unexpected discovery of the ozone hole. Describe how scientists used scientific ideas to explain their measurements. To aim for a grade D-C Describe Morse code as a use of light for communication. Recognise that Morse code is a type of digital signal. Describe what happens to light at a boundary, below, at, and above the critical angle. Understand how light and infrared radiation travel along an optical fibre by Total Internal Reflection. Understand that a laser produces a narrow beam of light of a single colour. Describe properties of infrared radiation. Describe properties of microwaves. Understand and describe the use of microwaves to transmit information over large distances. Describe why mobile phones and masts may or may not be dangerous. Describe how potential dangers may be increased by frequent use. Explain how publishing studies into mobile phone radiation results to be checked. Describe how infrared can carry information to control devices. Recall that the properties of digital signals contributed to the switch to digital TV and radio broadcast. Describe the transmission of light in optical fibres. Recall refraction and reflection of radiation used for communication, and how this can be an advantage of a disadvantage for signal reception. Describe common uses of wireless technology. Understand interference between radio stations with similar frequencies. Describe advantages and disadvantages of DAB broadcasts. Understand that shock waves from earthquakes can travel inside the earth. Recall the two types of seismic wave. Explain how cancer risk is reduced by darker skin. Calculate how long a person can spend in the sun without burning. Describe how the dangers of exposure to ultraviolet radiation have been publicised. Describe how ozone reduction measurements were verified.