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Mohamad Adada Mr. Tavernia AP World/P.5 Packet C Social: The Five Classes of the Caste System The Caste System, a central belief of the Hindu religion and consists of five stages. First comes the “mouth” or the Brahmin, the priests, next the “arms” or the Kshatriya, the warriors, then the “legs”, the Vaishya, or the merchants and businesspeople, after which are the “feet”, the Shudra, or the unskilled laborers. The shadow of this figure represents the untouchables, or the lowest people in the hierarchy. People couldn't marry in different castes, and couldn't move up within their lifetime. The goal of hinduism was to be reborn in a higher caste, depending on the person’s karma, and after they died as a Brahmin, they would be “enlightened”. King Siddartha disapproved of the caste system and created Buddhism, in which anyone could be enlightened as long as the follow the four noble truths and the eightfold path. Castes still exist today, although they are not as rigid as they once were. Anam Ahmed Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 5 Packet C Social: Brahmin The caste system is also called the Varna system. It depends on certain characteristics and attributes but is very strict and people are born into classes. The Brahmin are the highest of the Hindu caste and are made up of priest and scholars of the Vedic religion. They play an important part of society. They give spiritual guidance for people, which influences man decisions. In ancient times, the Brahmin was strictly separate from any other class. Now, there is some blending between Brahmin and the Kshatriya, the warrior and ruler class. The Brahmin are said to be originating from Brahma’s, the creator’s, mouth.The priests are responsible for teaching and maintaining the sacred knowledge. Nowadays, the caste system seems to be more flexible because more Brahmin’s are pursuing other occupations as well. The word Brahmin means “Supreme self”. The least amount of the people are in this class, but it is considered the highest. The Brahmin is associated with achieving moksha, a way of enlightenment. Alex Andreozzi Mr. Tavernia Ap World History P.5 Packet C Theme 5: Untouchables The Untouchables were the lowest social caste in India. These people were subject to have the worst jobs, while doing the most menial tasks. Members of the Untouchables were not aloud to speak with people outside of their caste, let alone marry them. Untouchables are also not even aloud to walk on the same side of the street as any of the higher caste members. The way to break out of being Untouchable is through living and helping the most people possible; however this is nearly impossible because the Untouchables are poor, and need to help themselves before they can even think of helping others. Being untouchable was not based on race or orientation; it was simply based off of birth. William Block Mr. Tavernia AP World History Packet C Social Packet C In this time period classes were the main social separations between people. In Rome there were two different classes. One for the higher people and one for the lower. The higher class was the patrician class and the lower was the Plebeian class. Hinduism had its own system also. It was called the caste system. This consisted of 5 classes that all were based around the jobs each person had. At the top were the priests or Brahmins, then were the warriors or Kshatriyas, third were the merchants and farmers (Vaishya), and last were the Peasants or Shudras. There was a class that was below all others and they were barely acknowledged in society called the untouchables. This all surrounded around the idea of reincarnation and reincarnating into a higher caste through good karma. Yasmine Charles-Harris Mr. Tavernia AP World History / Period 5 Packet: C [Social]: (Brahmin) Brahmin specialising protectors is a as of class priests, in Hinduism teachers and sacred learning across generations. Brahmins were traditionally responsible for religious rituals in temples, as intermediaries between temple deities and devotees, as well as rite of passage rituals such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers. However, Indian texts suggest that Brahmins were often agriculturalists and warriors in ancient and medieval India. The Brahmin people are a prominent community spread across the whole of India. The Brahmin are the highest of the four Hindu castes, made up of priests and scholars of Vedic literature and their traditional occupation is to concern themselves with the spiritual guidance of the people, conduct rites at marriages, births, deaths and other auspicious occasions. In practice the caste and the profession are not to be treated as one. All Brahmin are not priests. In fact, a majority of them are not and there is a striking range of diversities in terms of status and occupation among the Brahmin all over the country. The Brahmin’s traditional occupation is that of a priest. Brahmins have a variety of occupations. In Orissa, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh, many Brahmin own land and practice agriculture, but an increasing number are also in white-collar jobs, government service, business, household industry and astrology. In Rajasthan, agriculture forms their primary occupation but a few are traders, bankers, sculptors of idols and makers of wooden seats for the idols. In Chandigarh the Brahmin are gradually diversifying into administration, teaching, business, and the legal profession. Sofia del Rio Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet: C Varna In ancient India society was based upon a class system in which people were divided into four varna depending on what they did. These four groups were the Brahmins, the priests; the Kshatriya, the nobility; the Vaishya, the merchants and farmers; and the Shudras or servants. Each caste level or varna represented a body part of Brahman, and they higher a person was on the scale, the closer they were to achieving moksha. The Brahmins were the mouth, the Kshatriyas were his arms, the Vaishyas were his legs, and the Shudras were his feet. At the very bottom where the untouchables, and those people were without caste. The caste system was very rigid, meaning it had no mobility. Each varna was further divided into jati, which are groups typically associated with jobs. People only associated with people in the same varna and jati as them, so they didn’t marry into a different caste or jati. A person’s level on the caste system is determined by their previous life, so karma plays a vital role. If a person is good in their life, they will be reborn in a higher caste, so they are one step closer to attaining moksha; if a person was bad in their life, they would be reborn in a lower caste as punishment. Jose Duran Mr. Tavernia Social: Plebeian During the Classical Period, Rome had a unique social structure that made its civilization one of the greatest in history. In this system, there were plebeians and patricians. Patricians were the highest class of all in Rome and they made up the Roman Senate. These rich families mostly used their money to buy the goods that the plebeians made, and this was a patron/client relationship where the rich had lots of money to use but didn't know how to make goods so they bought them from the general public. Plebeians were required to follow the patricians’ orders and make the goods that were most popular on the market. There were aqueducts that flowed all throughout Rome, and they led either to the patrician houses or to the communal fountains. Patricians were fortunate enough to have water flowing to their homes, but plebeians had to go to the communal fountains and get water from the same place that everyone else got it from. Many plebeians died from diseases that were spread through the communal fountains and onto them. Society basically used plebeians as a source for taxes, and for their knowledge in making essential products to the Roman Empire. Plebeians were accustomed to the unsanitary conditions of Rome. Sofia Godoy Mr. Tavernia Period 5 Packet C: Classical Civilizations Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Patrician Leading a life filled with many luxuries, Patricians were the wealthy elites, mainly landowners, of Roman society. Generally speaking, they were regarded as the political, religious, and military leaders, second only to the emperor himself. Actually, the name Patricians is derived from the Latin word for fathers, “patres”. Besides enjoying plentiful banquets, enjoying musical entertainment, and living in lavish townhouses, Patrician privileges also excused them from the responsibilities of a typical Roman, such as military duty. In addition, all Patrician children had their own toys, bedroom, and private tutor. Specifically, boys born into a Patrician family enjoyed a comprehensive education, which included lessons in literature, languages, geography, public speaking, and the law. Easy to spot, Patricians could be recognized by their unique tunics and their shoes, which were decorated with an ivory crescent. Perhaps the most significant benefit to life as a Patrician, holding public office was something that was highly coveted. Sometimes, Patricians even engaged in dangerous power struggles and rivalries, which were marked by treachery and murder. Plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebs was the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census. From the 4th century BC or earlier, they were known as commoners (part of the lower social status). Literary references to the plebs, however, usually mean the ordinary citizens of Rome as a whole, as distinguished from the elite—a sense retained by "plebeian" in English. In the very earliest days of Rome, plebeians were any tribe without advisers to the King. In time, the word – which is related to the Greek word for crowd, plethos – came to mean the common people.The origin of the separation into orders is unclear, and it is disputed when the Romans were divided under the early kings into patricians and plebeians, or whether the dependents of the patricians formed a third group. Certain clans were patrician, as identified by the family name, but a gens might have both patrician and plebeian branches that shared a nomen but were distinguished by a cognomen, as was the case with the gens Claudia. The 19th-century historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr held that plebeians began to appear at Rome during the reign of Ancus Marcius and were possibly foreigners settling in Rome as naturalized citizens. In any case, at the outset of the Roman Republic, the patricians had a near monopoly on political and social institutions. Plebeians were excluded from magistracies and religious colleges, and they were not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed. Plebeians served in the army, but rarely became military leaders. Sydni Josowitz Mr Tavernia World History AP P5 9 November 2016 Social: Patricians The Patricians were an elite social class in the classical Roman Empire. They had a very high status in Roman society and received many privileges and more representation than Plebeians, the common class. Although it is not certain, it is commonly thought that the first Patricians were the first 100 senators that were appointed by Romulus and all of their descendants from thereon. It was important to keep the Patricians loyal and satisfied. To do this, the Roman government frequently gave Patrician’s money for their continued support. This eventually caused a rift between the Plebeians and Patricians when the government began to transfer too much power into the hands of the Patricians. Mark Kava Tavernia World History AP/Period 5 Packet C Social- Plebeian Plebeians were commoners in ancient Rome. They were the general body of free citizens in Rome who were not patricians. It is considered more of the lower class in Roman times. The plebeians consisted of farmers who were free landowners but still were in the lower levels in terms of social class. They were not nearly as wealthy nor did they have the same power as patricians. However, they still were considered citizens of the Roman empire. The plebeians were the working class of the Roman empire and were the backbone of the Roman economy. They consisted of farmers, bakers, builders, craftsmen, etc. Thomas Lovegren Mr.Tavernia AP Human Geography Packet C AP theme: Social and Economic Classes Rome was divided into two different subsets of social groupings: Plebeians and Patricians. The plebeians made up Rome’s working class and helped with most of the menial labor-intensive jobs and tasks. The Patricians were Rome’s wealthier families who held a more political position in regards to wealth and affluence. The two social classes did not have a lot of mobility seeing as those born plebeians were most likely to die plebeians. Elizabeth Matei Mr. Tavernia World History AP/ Period 5 Packet: C Development and Transformation of Social Structure: Plebeians In the ancient Roman Empire, Plebeians made up the lower of the two social classes. Patricians were on top, and the Plebeians were below them. They were often known as the “commoners” or “ordinary citizens” of Rome. Plebeians included some of the more skilled commoners, all the way down to the slaves who performed intensive labor. There was no distinction. Plebeians fought in the army, but rarely became military leaders. It was often for them to not be of Roman descent. Many were looking for some some sort of “naturalization” process in order to become Roman. They were not allowed to know about any of the laws of the government, so they just had to follow everyone else and play daily life by year. This means that they had very poor/insignificant political and economic abilities. Regarding the relationship between the patricians and the plebeians, it is virtually non-existent. The patricians rarely ever interacted with the plebeians (politically, economically, or socially) even though a patrician may sometimes marry a plebeian. However it is against the law for a Plebeian to initiate a relationship with a Patrician. Ultimately, Plebeians are a significant aspect of Roman Life because they were a very populated social class, they helped Rome militarily, and they helped Roman people and patricians complete everyday life chores. Alba Minxha Mr. Travernia AP World History Period 5 Packet C Theme 5 Social and Economic Classes: Patrician Patrician was the term given to the ruling class families in Ancient Rome. The distinction between patricians and plebeians, the commoners, was purely based off of family lineage. The origin of the patrician class came from the original appointed Roman Senate. The sons of the first Roman senators made up the patrician class. Historically, patricians were afforded more privileges than the plebeians. While the patricians held every political position in Rome, even nonpolitical positions, such as priesthood, were closed off to the public. The belief was that patricians communicated better with the gods, giving them the ability to perform sacred rites. However, while the patricians did have more political and religious power over the plebeians, the economic difference between the two was not large. The title of a patrician gave only the ability to become a senator or priesthood, it gave no economic promises, and being a plebeian did not mean poverty. Plebeians could be as rich, even richer, than some of the patricians depending on their job. In specific cases, the two classes had families equal in wealth during the early years of the Roman Republic. Toward the later years, many patricians lost their wealth and fell into poverty as the plebeians succeeded. Emily Namm Michael Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet C [Social]: Patrician Like most societies of the Classical Era, Rome had a social hierarchy. The highest class of Roman society, or the elites, during the Roman Republic was made up of Patricians. Though the origins of this class are somewhat uncertain, it probably started with the heads of each family which was a part of the Roman Senate, during the Roman Republic, and possibly some of the higher-ranked people in the Roman cavalry. Like most cases of nobility, the sons and daughters of these people maintain the same status. Servius Tullius, one of the kings of Rome, had every citizen register and ordered everyone according to their wealth. This ranking helped to definitively say who was a part of the upper society, the patricians, and who was the lower society, plebians, as opposed to the rather blurry line there was between the classes prior to Servius Tullius’s act. This established, many more legal distinctions were made between the patricians and the plebians, such as a law against intermarriage in the Twelve Tables. During the beginning of the Roman Empire, patricians held almost complete control politically and religiously. In the Conflict of Orders, though, plebians fought for political equality, and were fairly successful by about 100 BCE. Alexander Rabin Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.5 Packet C Social: Patrician The patricians were the elites in Roman civilization. They were given more privileges than the plebeians, such as political power. This often led to the patron/client relationship in which lower classes voted for someone in exchange for financial protection. Patricians were in family units and had more slaves than the plebeians. This led to social unrest in which the plebeians imposed strikes on work in order for patricians to make concessions. This was known as the conflict of Orders. Concentration of wealth in the hands of the patricians also contributed to the fall of Rome as it left the plebeians disenfranchised. Scott Robins Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Period 5 Packet C Social: Untouchables Caste systems in India have been around since the very beginning. In Hinduism, Varnas are the classes that are the social groups, not including the untouchables. Untouchables are those who are the lowest “class”, if you would even consider them to be a class. They do jobs nobody would willingly do, and are forced to not to interact with any of the higher castes; as if they would interact with untouchables anyway. Untouchables are known as dirty people, unworthy of moksha. Sean Robins Mr. Tavernia AP World Packet C Social: Varna Varna is the primary social division of Indian history. The classes are supposed to represent the Purusha, a primordial creature. Brahmin is the priest class represents the mouth of the gods. This consists of the elite class. Kshatriya is the warriors and administrator class they represent the arms that fight. Vaishya is the merchant and farmer class. They represent the thighs that work and the masses. The last division are the Shudra who are the laborer class. They represent the feet because everyone stands on them. Shudra is also known as Dasa which means slave. There is a subdivision of Varna called Jati which is the birth groups. The untouchables are excluded from the class system. They are avoided because of their jobs such as leather tanning and touching dead animals. Alejandro Sosa Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.5 Packet: C Portfolio Social: Patrician Patrician is a term that originally referred to a group of ruling class families in ancient rome. Although the distinction was highly significant in the early republic, its relevance decreased after the Struggle of the Orders and other conflicts between the plebeians or lower classes of Rome and the patricians. The origin of the word patrician is quite interesting. According to Livy, the first 100 senators of Romulus, the founder of Rome, were referred to as “fathers” or “patres” in Latin. The descendants of those men would then create the patrician class. Historically, patricians received more privileges than plebeians. At the dawn of the Republic, patricians were better represented, they could hold political office, and they could “communicate with the gods better. The difference between patricians and plebeians was completely based on birth. In the early Roman Empire, the patrician status still carried a heavy degree of prestige. Roman emperors also had the ability to elevate their supporters to the patrician caste at will, which later degraded the meaning and prestige of the patrician class. Constantine the Great later reintroduced the term as a senior honorific title, not tied to any specific administrative position, limited to a very small number of people. In the Western Roman Empire, the title was sparingly used and continued to retain a high prestige. It was later also degraded in ranking when the Emperors opened the caste to many other social groups. The title later split to give way to to “protopatrikios” or “first patrician”, which held a higher ranking and held a high prestige until the end of the Byzantine Empire. The feminine variant “patrikia” denoted the spouses of the patricians. The title finally recovered its value when it was revived in medieval Italian city-states. Saaketh Vedantam Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 5 Packet: C Social: Varna Varna was a term used in Indian society because skin color was a concern for people. In fact, differentiations in skin color were reasons for many internal conflicts and divisions in Classical India. Varna literally means “color”, because of these connections to skin color, but it is synonymous to class, or each social division in Indian society. Since Hinduism included many social hierarchies, this idea of Varna was central to Indian society. Humans were born into a rigid caste, and they had to follow specific rules about their caste. Also, they couldn’t change caste during one lifetime; one could only advance by accepting ones duty in society. Varna specifies four major castes, or classes, which are the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaisyas, and the Shudras. The Brahmins were the highest part of Indian society, as they were the priests and thus the closest to god. These were the only people who could advance to moksha, and other classes had to wait multiple lifetimes before they could reach this step. Also, they were strictly vegetarian, as the cow was a sacred animal in Hinduism. The Kshatriyas were the next Varna in India, and they consisted of warriors and administrators. This class was in the service of princes or people from royal families. The Kshatriyas are set apart from Brahmins because they ate meat freely. The Vaisyas were the third Varna in the Indian caste system, and they were merchants and farmers. Finally, the lowest Varna was the Shudra, which was the laborer class. These people were given the menial jobs in society, and Shudra was even associated with the word Dasa, which meant slave. These castes in the social hierarchy marked the Varna of Classical India, and they continued for many years as a major part of Indian life. Daniela Velez Mr. Tavernia AP World History/ 5 Packet: C Social: Conflict of Orders Throughout history, conflict has arisen when there is an imbalance between the power given to the elite and to the other members of society. The conflict of orders in early Rome is an example of this. In early Rome, the aristocratic class of Roman citizens were named the patricians and the common people were named the plebeians. During the early years of the Roman Republic, the patricians controlled all the religious and political offices. Since laws were not codified to be shown to the rest of the people, the plebeians could not appeal against any decisions of the patrician government. Subsequently, the conflict of orders began as a non-violent struggle of the plebeians to gain rights and opportunity to advance upwards in Roman society. In 494 BCE, the plebeians took their first step towards more rights and established their own assembly with elected magistrates, the Tribunes and the Plebeian Aediles. This led to the first codification of Roman law so that all members of Roman society could see the laws. This was called the Law of the Twelve Tables. Five years later, patricians and plebeians were allowed to intermarry which means there was now possibility of movement from one order to another. Gradually, plebeians started to earn positions in the Roman government and finally gained power and a voice in society. Isabella Whiting Mr. Tavernia AP World History P5 Packet C Theme 5- Social The last main theme of AP Human geography is the development and transformation of social structures. This includes gender roles and relations, family and kinship, racial and ethnic constructions, and social and economic classes. In Indian society they had varna which was the four major divisions of society. The classes were supposed to be represented by the body of Purusha who was a religious creature. The Brahmin were the priest class and represented the mouth of the gods since they were considered to speak to the people in the name of the Gods. Kshatriya were the warrior/administrative class who represented the arms since they were the ones that fought. Vaishya were the merchant and farmer class and they were the thighs of the creature since they were the masses and the ones that worked to support society. Lastly the laborer/slave class were called the shudra and they were considered to be the feet since everyone stands on them and they are at the very bottom of society. The Indian civilization was very strict in the way it organized society and their social divisions directed what types of lives people led from the types of jobs they could have to the people they were allowed to marry. Kevin Yeung Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 5 Packet C Theme 5 – Social: Varna Existing since the creation of the Rig Vedas, the system of varna consists of the four traditional social classes of India. Each individual was automatically put into a certain caste once he was born, and would stay in that caste until his next cycle of rebirth. The major social divisions were the Brahmin, the priests and scholars; the Kshatriya, the nobles, warriors, and officials; the Vaishya, the merchants, artisans, and landowners; and the Shudra, the laborers. A fifth class was also implemented later on, which was named the “untouchable” class, since the untouchables were given the dirtiest jobs. In the varna system, each class also had a different set of obligations: the Brahmin’s task is to study and advise, the Kshatriya to protect and maintain order, the Vaishya to cultivate, and the Shudra to serve others. While the varna system seems to promote inequality and give the Brahmins a reason to have power over the other castes, the central motive of varna was actually to create social harmony and cooperation. Originally, the creators believed that society would be at its best with no competition and rivalry among individuals. Therefore, varnas were assigned based on the ability of each person, and as a result, four different social classes emerged. Religious, political, economic, and physical powers were all separated into these classes, hoping that the fair separation of powers would prevent the Indian society from corrupting into an autocratic society. However, due to misinterpretation of the ancient texts and power-hungry individuals, an entirely dissimilar caste system was established in India instead. The actual system of varna found in the subcontinent of India thousands of years ago, and even today, favored those at the top of the social pyramid. In fact, one creation myth claimed that Brahmins were formed from the mouth of god, the Kshatriya and the Vaishya from the arms and thighs respectively, and Shudra from its feet. Furthermore, only the Brahmins could reach moksha, or the release from the endless cycle of rebirths. Moksha is a sense of enlightenment that all Vedic believers hope to achieve. This means that those at the bottom of the social pyramid had to rely on reincarnation to be reassigned into a higher class in order to reach moksha. The system of varna gave the Brahmins an advantage over the other castes. Still, the caste system could sometimes be flexible, allowing an individual to change varnas based on his skill and aptitude. With enough goodness, people of lower castes could achieve moksha as well. Therefore, while the system of varna seems rigid and strict, it can be flexible. It was created simply to ensure the well-being of a society and maintain order at its time.