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Mrs. Paulus GHP World Studies Chapter 12: The Making of Europe in the Middle Ages CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Transformation of the Roman World A. The New Germanic Kingdoms 1. The Kingdom of the Franks 2. The Society of the Germanic Peoples B. The Role of the Christian Church 1. The Organization of the Church 2. The Monks and Their Mission C. Charlemagne and the Carolingians II. The World of Lords and Vassals A. Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries B. The Development of Fief-holding C. The Practice of Fief-holding D. The Nobility of the Middle Ages 1. Aristocratic Women III. Evolution of the European Kingdoms A. England in the High Middle Ages B. Growth of the French Kingdom C. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire D. The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe 1. The Development of Russia IV The World of Peasants and Townspeople A. The New Agriculture B. The Manorial System C. Daily Life of the Peasantry D. The Revival of Trade E. The Growth of Cities 1. Daily Life in the Medieval City 2. Industry in Medieval Cities V. Christianity and Medieval Civilization A. The Papal Monarchy 1. Reform of the Papacy 2. The Church Supreme B. New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideals VI. The Culture of the High Middle Ages A. The Rise of Universities B. The Development of Scholasticism C. Romanesque Architecture D. The Gothic Cathedral VII. The Expansion of Medieval Europe: The Crusades A. The First Crusades B. The Later Crusades VIII. The Late Middle Ages: A Time of Troubles in Europe A. The Black Death B. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval C. Political Instability 1. The Hundred Years’ War 2. Political Disintegration D. The Decline of the Church 1. The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1378) 2. The Great Schism and Cries for Reform IX. Conclusion THOUGHT/DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY SOURCES (BOXED DOCUMENTS) 1. “Germanic Customary Law: The Ordeal”—Does this account by Gregory of Tours appear to be an objective one? What do the claims and views indicate about the relative influence of Germanic and Christian traditions at the time? What impact would this story have upon sixth century Christians? 2. “The Achievements of Charlemagne”—Considering the activities of the Merovingians before Charlemagne and others later, does he appear to have been truly great, or merely a fairly competent figure among mediocre rivals? Would Charlemagne have been a role model to the later Middle Ages? Why or why not? 3. “A Muslim’s Description of the Rus”—Does Ibn Fadlan’s account seems accurate? Why or why not? 4. “An Italian Banker Discusses Trading Between Europe and China”—From this excerpt, what are the challenges presented to those who wish to trade with China? What are the possible reasons why Pegolotti claims that the road to China is safe, both day and night? Is there anything in the account which would cause surprise in Europeans of that era? If so, what? 5. “A Miracle of Saint Bernard”—What does this story reveal about the Christian beliefs of the High Middle Ages? 6. “The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim Perspectives”—Are the two accounts of the capture of Jerusalem believable? Why and/or why not? Do the two excerpts differ in any way? If so, where and why? What does the excerpt reveal about Christendom during the High Middle Ages? 7. “A Medieval Holocaust: The Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews”—Why were the Jews singled out for persecution? Was the Black Death the reason or an excuse for the greedy actions of the people of Strasbourg? 8.“Boniface VIII’s Defense of Papal Supremacy”—Compare and contrast Boniface VIII with Gregory VII. How are they similar and how do they differ? Was Boniface “out of touch” with his times? What, if anything, has changed since the High Middle Ages 167 Identifications: 1. Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Angles and Saxons 2. wergeld 3. monasticism 4. Charlemagne and missi dominici 5. feudalism 6. fiefs and feudal aids 7. Eleanor of Aquitaine 8. Henry II and the common law 9. Magna Carta 10. Edward I and Parliament 11. Philip IV the fair and the Estates-General 12. Holy Roman Empire 13. Frederick I and Frederick II and Italy 168 14. the Rus, Kiev, and Vladimir 15. Russia and the Mongols 16. three-field system 17. manorialism and serfdom 18. burghs and boroughs 19. craft guilds 20. Gregory VII and the Investiture Controversy 21. Innocent III and the interdict 22. Cistercians, Dominicans and Franciscans 23. the papal inquisition 24. universities and the traditional liberal arts 25. St. Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism 26. Urban II and Council of Clermont 27. Saladin and the Third Crusade 169 28. the Fourth Crusade and Constantinople 29. the Black Death and Yersinia pestis 30. flagellants and anti-Jewish pogroms 31. Peasants’ Revolt, 1381 32. Hundred Years War 33. Joan of Arc 34. Avignon 35. the Great Schism 170