Download Study questions - test 2 chapter5 chapter6

Study questions - test 2
chapter5
oxidation-reduction
1) what does it mean when a molecule is
reduced / oxidized?
2) what is a reducing agent? oxidizing
agent?
mitochondria
3) know the structural features / basic
anatomy of mitochondria.
4) know the chemical differences in inner
and outer membranes.
5) know how new mitochondria are
produced.
6) what is DRP1?
glycolysis
7) know the basics of glycolysis. (yes, you
still need to know this.)
8) how does glycolysis contribute to the
production of ATP?
9) where does glycolysis occur?
10) does glycolysis require the presence of
oxygen?
11) what are the two phases of glycolysis?
12) how is pyruvate prepared for use in the
citric acid cycle?
pyruvate oxydation
13) where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
14) what happens if no oxygen is present?
citric acid cycle
15) where does Acetyl CoA used in the
TCA cycle come from? what are some
alternate sources?
16) be sure you know all the names for the
citric acid cycle.
17) why is it called the citric acid cycle?
18) what are the basic steps in the citric
acid cycle?
19) how many turns of the citric acid cycle
occur per glucose molecule?
oxidative phosphorlyation
20) which portion of cellular respiration
produces most of the ATP?
21) how efficient is the process of cellular
respiration?
22) why is the complex process of cellular
respiration necessary?
23) what are the basic steps in the electron
transport chain in the mitochondria?
24) know the multiprotein complexes
involved in the electron transport chain.
25) how does the electron transport chain
contribute to the production of ATP?
26) what is chemiosmosis?
27) how is ATP-synthase involved in
chemiosmosis?
28) know the basic structure of ATPsynthase.
29) where is ATP-synthase located?
30) how does ATP-synthase produce ATP?
31) what are the conformations of the
active site on ATP-synthase?
anaerobic pathways
32) what are facultative and obligate
anaerobes?
33) how do facultative and obligate
anaerobes deal with low oxygen
environments?
34) what happens to pyruvate in the
absence of adequate oxygen?
other stuff
35) what is a peroxisome?
36) what is a glyoxysome?
chapter6
autotrophs
37) what is an autotroph / heterotroph?
38) what is a chemoautotroph?
39) what groups of organisms contain
autotrophism?
40) what is the ultimate source of almost
all the energy in an ecosystem?
41) how does energy enter into
ecosystems?
photosynthesis
42) what is the main electron donor in
photosynthesis in modern plants?
43) what was the electron donor molecule
used by the earliest photoautotrophs?
44) know the basic anatomy of a eudicot
leaf.
45) how is the anatomy of a leaf related to
function?
46) how do plastids develop?
47) know the basic anatomy of a
chloroplast.
48) in what ways is the process of
photosynthesis similar to cellular
respiration?
light reactions
49) why are these called “light reactions”?
50) why do pigments appear to be a
certain color?
51) know the basic structure of a
chlorophyll molecule?
52) how is a porphyrin ring similar to a
heme group?
53) what does it mean when we say that
the porphyrin ring is conjugated?
54) know the basic structure of a
photosystem.
55) how is light energy harvested by a
photosystem?
56) where do photosystems reside?
57) how are photosystem I and II different?
58) understand how electrons move from
photosystem II to photosystem I.
59) how does plastoquinol shuttle
electrons between photosystem II and
photosystem I?
60) what is cyclic phosphorylation?
61) how is proton motive force used to
produce ATP during light reactions?
dark reactions
62) what are the three phases of the calvin
cycle?
63) why is the calvin cycle referred to as
the C3 pathway?
64) what is Rubisco used for?
65) know the basic steps in the calvin
cycle, and what is produced. how does this
result in production of sugars?
66) what happens to the G3P (GAP)
produced?
67) which portion of photosynthesis
results in the release of oxygen?
C4 pathways
68) what is the tradeoff that involves
opening and closing of stomata?
69) how is the C4 pathway different from
C3 plants?
70) how is the C4 pathway helpful?
71) what are some examples of C4 plants?
cam plants
72) how is the CAM pathway helpful?
73) what are some examples of CAM
plants?
chapter7
ECM
74) what is the extracellular matrix?
75) what is the glycocalyx?
76) why is the extracellular matrix so
important for epithelial tissue and
connective tissue?
77) know the different proteinaceous
fibers that make up the extracellular
matrix.
78) what is the basement membrane?
79) know the main functions of the basal
lamina.
fibers
80) know the basic structure and function
of collagen and collagenous fibers.
81) what are some examples of
collagenous fibers that we talked about?
82) know the basic qualities of collagenous
fibers.
83) what are some of the problems that
can occur when collagens are not properly
made?
84) know the basic structure and
characteristics of elastic fibers.
proteoglycans
85) know the basic structure of a
proteoglycan.
86) why do some proteoglycans form gels?
87) know the basic function of
proteoglycans.
fibronectin
88) know the basic structure and functions
of fibronectin.
laminin
89) know the basic structure and functions
of laminin.
90) in what way do hemorrhagic venoms
damage ECM and basement membrane?
integrins
91) know the basic structure and function
of integrins.
92) what are the two main functions of
integrins?
junctions
93) know the basic structure and function
of hemidesmosomes.
94) how are hemidesmosomes similar to
desmosomes?
95) what is a junction complex?
96) know the basic structure and functions
of tight junctions.
97) what are septate junctions? where are
they located?
98) know the basic structure and functions
of adherens junctions.
99) know the basic structure and function
of desmosomes.
100) know the basic structure and function
of gap junctions.
101) how are gap junctions different in
vertebrates and invertebrates?
cell-cell communication
102) what are membrane nanotubes?
103) how do plasmodesmata form?
104) what is the origin of a desmotubule?
plant cell wall matrix
105) what are microfibrils?
106) how does the arrangement of
microfibrils affect changes in cell size?
107) know the basic fibers and their
arrangement in the cell wall.
108) why is pectin used to make jam?
109) what are the layers of the cell wall?
110) what is lignin?
chapter8
biosynthesis
111) know the basic structure of the
endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi
apparatus.
112) understand the basics of shuttling
materials between the RER and the Golgi.
113) what is anterograde transport?
114) what is retrograde transport?
115) how do coat proteins help vesicles to
form?
116) know the different models for
movement of materials across the Golgi.
117) know the steps in vesicular transport
in detail.
118) what types of movement are COPI,
COPII, and clathrin associated with?
119) how are lysosomal enzymes tagged in
the TGN?
120) what is autophagy?
121) how do lysosomes develop?
122) how does tay sachs cause problems?
123) what are phagocytosis and
pinocytosis? how do they occur?
124) how does receptor-mediated
endocytosis occur?
125) how is dynamin important in the
formation of vesicles?
126) What are LDLs and HDLs?
127) how are LDLs processed?
128) how do proteins get produced in the
RER?
129) know the basic structure and function
of a tonoplast.
chapter9
cytoskeleton fibers
130) know the different types of
cytoskeletal fibers and the basic
characteristics and structure of each.
131) know how motor proteins are used
to move items along microtubules and
actin filaments.
132) know the three different kinds of
motor proteins associated with the
cytoskeleton and what they are used for.
133) how are microtubules and centrioles
related?
134) how are centrioles. cilia and flagella
related?
135) know the basic structure and function
of cilia and flagella.
136) know some examples of how cilia and
flagella are used by organisms. we talked
about these.
137) in what ways are actin fibers similar
to microtubules?
138) how do actin fibers interact with
myosin to cause movement?
139) know how myosin works as a motor
protein.
140) know the basic steps in the actin-
myosin contractile cycle.
141) understand the basic structure of
skeletal muscle.
142) understand how actin and myosin are
integral in allowing striated muscle to
contract and relax.