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More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com Molecular Biology Midterm Exam 1 1. In an attempt to explain the laws of human heredity the Greek physician Alcmaeon suggested that genetic material was transmitted from different parts of the human body to the sperm and eggs which would then join to make an embryo. Which of the following theories most accurately describes Alcmaeon’s views of heredity? A. Theory of Pangenesis B. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance C. Germ Cell Theory D. The Blending Theory 2. Nearly 23 centuries after Alcmaeon’s attempts to explain human heredity, August Weismann surgically removed the tails of mice (which were then mated) for 23 generations. Despite removing the tails prior to mating the progeny all had tails. Which of the following theories was put forth by Weismann to explain his findings and replace Alcmaeon’s ideas? A. Theory of Pangenesis B. Germ Plasm Theory C. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance D. Law of Independent Segregation 3.GregorMendelcrossedpurebreedingpeaplantsandanalyzedtheinheritancepatterns ofseveraldifferenttraitssuchasplantheight,seedcolorandpodtexture.HisLawof IndependentSegregationappliestowhichofthefollowing? A.Theinheritancepatternoftwogenesthatlieclosetogetheronasinglechromosome. B.Theinheritancepatternoftwoallelesofthesamegene. C.Theinheritancepatternoftwogenesthatresideondifferentchromosomes. D.TheinheritancepatternofgenesthatlieontheXchromosome. 4.Mendel’sLawofIndependentAssortmentappliestowhichofthefollowing? A.Theinheritancepatternoftwogenesthatlieatoppositeendsofachromosome. B.Theinheritancepatternoftwoallelesofthesamegene. C.Theinheritancepatternoftwogenesthatresideondifferentautosomalchromosomes. D.TheinheritancepatternofgenesthatlieontheXandYchromosomes. 5.Inflieseyedevelopmentisgovernedbytheeyelessgene.Fliesthatareeither homozygousorheterozygousfortheEyallelehavenormaleyeswhilefliesthatare homozygousfortheeyallelelackeyes.IfEy/eymalesarematedtoey/eyfemaleswhat percentageoftheprogenywilllackcompoundeyes? A.0% B.25% C.50% D.75% More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 6.TheNotchgenecontrolstheshapeoftheflywing.TheNalleleisdominantandgives normalwingswhilethenalleleisrecessiveandgivesasmallnotchinthewingblade. Imaginethatyouarematingmalesthatarehomozygousforthenallelewithfemalesthat areheterozygousforbothalleles.Whilescreeningtheprogenyforwingshapeyounotice that50%ofthemalesand50%ofthefemaleshavenotchedwings.Whereisthegenefor wingshapelocated. A.Ononeofthethreeautosomes B.Xchromosome C.Ychromosome D.cannotbedeterminedwiththislevelofinformation 7.Inclasswetalkedaboutavarietyofpepperscalledstoplightpeppers.Theyarenamed thiswaysincetheycomeinred,yellowandgreenvarieties(brownpeppersexistaswell). Basedonourclassdiscussionwhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheinheritanceofcoat color? A.Themultiplecolorsaretheresultofincompleteorco‐dominance B.ThegeneforpeppercolorislocatedontheXchromosomesomalesandfemalesproduce differentpeppercolors. C.Multiplegeneslocatedontheautosomesregulatethecolorofpeppers. D.Thecolorofthepepperisnotgeneticallyregulated–thecolorsaredeterminedbythe environmentaltemperature. 8.Achromosomecontainshundredsifnotthousandsofgenes.AlfredSturtevantusedthe processofrecombinationtodeterminetherelativepositionofgenesalongthelengthof eachDrosophilachromosome.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationship betweengenesthatarelocatedonthesamechromosome? A.Genesthatresideclosetogetheronachromosomerecombineatalowerfrequencythangenes thataresituatedfarapartfromeachother. B.GenesonthesamechromosomefollowMendel’sLawofIndependentAssortmentsothe recombinationrateis100%. C.Thedistancebetweentwogenesisinverselyproportionaltotherecombination/linkagerate. D.Recombinationdoesnotoccurbetweengenesonthesamechromosome–onlybetweengenes onnon‐homologouschromosomes. 9.SeymourBenzerusedbacteriophagetostudytheprocessofrecombination.Oneofhis majoraccomplishmentswastodeterminethatrecombinationoccursatthelevelofthe nucleotide.BasedonthisinformationandyourknowledgeofthestructureofDNAwhichof thefollowingisatruestatement? A.Recombinationoccursonlyatnucleotidesthatliebetweengenessoastopreventtheinduction ofmutations. B.Theprocessofrecombinationoccursonlyatnucleotidesthatlinethemajorgroove C.RecombinationoccursonlyinDNAthatisfoundintheZconformation. D.Recombinationcanhappenanywherealongthechromosomeincludingwithingenes themselves. More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 10.Whendoesrecombinationtakeplace? A.Prophaseofmitosis B.ProphaseofMeiosisI C.MetaphaseofMeiosisII D.G1ofbothMeiosisIandMeiosisII 11.Duringclassweintroducedourselvestoanumberofmodelsystems.Inthese discussionswetalkedaboutafewoftheirpropertiesandthetypesofprocessesthateach modelsystemisusedtostudy.Basedonthesediscussionswhichofthefollowingwouldbe themostappropriateforstudyingmetastatictumors? A.Drosophila B.C.elegans C.Mouse D.Arabidopsis 12.Whichofthefollowingmodelsystemswouldbebestsuitedforstudyingpain perception? A.C.elegans B.Drosophila C.Arabidopsis D.AandB 13.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatemodelsystemforstudyingearly developmentalprocessessuchasblastulaformationinavertebrate? A.Drosophila B.Mouse C.Xenopus D.C.elegans 14.FredrickGriffithusedtwobacterialstrains(onepathogenicandonenon‐pathogenic) andamousetodiscoverthe“TransformingPrinciple”.Basedonyourknowledgeofhis experimentswhichofthefollowingwasthekeyexperimentalstepindeterminingthatthe non‐pathogenic(R)strainwastransformedbyhereditarymaterialfromthepathogenic(S) strain? A.Livenon‐pathogenic(R)andpathogenic(S)bacterialstrainsweremixedataratioof1:5prior toinjectionintothemouse. B.ThepathogenicSstrainwasheatkilledpriortomixingwiththenon‐pathogenicRstrain. C.AmousethatwasresistanttothepathogenicSstrainwasselectedforuseintheexperiment. D.Thenon‐pathogenic(R)andpathogenic(S)strainswerebothheatkilledpriortoinjectioninto themouse. More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 15.OswaldAveryrepeatedGriffith’sexperimentsbutmodifiedthemtoshowthatthe transformingagentwasactuallynucleicacid.Basedonyourknowledgeofhisexperiments whatwasthekeystepindeterminingthatthehereditarymaterialwasnucleicacid? A.Nucleicacidwasisolatedfrompathogenic(S)bacteriaandmixedwiththenon‐pathogenic(R) bacteriapriortoinjectionintothemouse. B.Nucleicacidfromlivenon‐pathogenic(R)strainswereremovedandreplacedwithnucleicacid frompathogenic(S)strain.Thegeneticallymodifiedstrainwastheninjectedintothemouse. C.Thegenomeofthenon‐pathogenic(R)strainwasgeneticallymodifiedtobenearlyidenticalto thatofthepathogenic(S)strain. D.Nucleicacidfrompathogenic(S)bacteriawasdirectlyinjectedintothemouse. 16.MarthaChaseandAlfredHersheyusedbacteriophageandbacterialcellsto independentlydeterminethatnucleicacidswerethetransformingagent.Basedonyour knowledgeoftheirexperimentswhatwasthekeystepindeterminingthatthenucleicacid isthehereditarymaterial? A.DNAwasmarkedwithradio‐labeledriboseandtheproteincoatsweremarkedwithradio‐ labeledaminoacids B.Thebacteriophageswereheatkilledpriortobebeingmixedwiththelivebacterialcells. C.Nucleicacidfromheatkilledbacteriophageswereinjectedintomice. D.Theemptyproteincoatswereremovedfromthebacterialcellsafterthenucleicacidgenome wasinjectedintothebacterialcells. 17.SeveralresearchershavediscoveredthatDNAismadeupoffournucleotides:adenine, guanine,cytosineandthymine.EdwinChargaffmeasuredtheamountofthesefour nucleotidesfromavarietyofdifferentcelltypesfromseveraldistinctmodelsystems. Whichofthefollowingisatruestatement? A.Theratioofpurinestopyrimidinesis1:1 B.Theamountofeachnucleotideisthesameinallsomaticandgermcellswithinanorganism. C.Eachcelltypecontainsanequalamountofthefournucleotides. D.Theamountofeachnucleotideisthesameinallcellswithinallmodelsystems. 18.WatsonandCricksolvedthestructureofDNA(withthehelpofRosalindFranklin). FromEdwinChargraff’sexperimentsandthesolutionoftheDNAstructureitwasclearthat thenucleotidesbasepairinveryspecificpatterns.Whichofthefollowingbase‐pairing scenarioswouldviolatetherulesthatgoverntheproperstructureofthedoublehelix? A.purine:pyrimidine B.A:T C.G:C D.purine:purine 19.Nucleotidesalongasinglepolynucleotidechainareboundbywhichofthefollowing typeofbond? A.Hydrogenbonds B.Phosphodiesterbonds C.Covalentbonds D.Aldehydelinkages More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 20.TranscriptionfactorsbindtoDNAandcaneitheractivateorrepresstranscription. WhichpartoftheDNAdoublehelixiscontactedbythealphahelicalsegmentsofDNA bindingproteins? A.Theminorgroove B.Thedeoxyribosesugarbackbone C.Thephosphodiesterlinkages D.Themajorgroove 21.ThestructureofDNAdiffersslightlyfromthatofRNA.Whichofthefollowingisatrue statementregardingthesestructures? A.DNAusesadeoxyribosesugarwhileRNAusesaribosesugar. B.DNAcontainsathyminebasewhileRNAcontainsauracilbase C.RNAismainlysinglestrandedwhileDNAisalwaysfoundinadoublehelix D.alloftheabove 22.ThereareseveralspeciesofRNAwithinacell.Whichofthefollowingcodesforprotein? A.messengerRNA(mRNA) B.transferRNA(tRNA) C.ribosomalRNA(rRNA) D.ribozymes 23.WhichofthefollowingblockstranslationbybindingtomRNAandforminglocalareasof doublestrandedRNA? A.ribozymes B.transferRNA(tRNA) C.ribosomalRNA(rRNA) D.microRNAs 24.WhichofthefollowingRNAsarethepredecessorstoproteinenzymesandcanfunction asenzymestocleavebothRNAandprotein? A.microRNAs B.ribozymes C.messengerRNAs(mRNA) D.transferRNA(tRNA) 25.DuringwhatphaseofthecellcycledoesDNAreplicationoccur? A.Interphase B.Prophase C.Metaphase D.Anaphase 26.Duringwhatphaseofthecellcycledochromosomescondense? A.Interphase B.Prophase C.Metaphase D.Telophase More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 27.Whichofthefollowingiskeytophysicallyseparatingchromosomesintodaughtercells? A.Actinfilaments B.Microtubulefilaments C.Thenucleus D.Mitochondria 28.Atwhatpointdocellsexitfromthecellcycleandgoontodifferentiate? A.G1 B.S C.G2 D.M 29.Down’sSyndrome,Kleinfelter’sSyndromeandTurner’sSyndromeareallchromosomal abnormalities.Whendothesemistakesinchromosomalsegregationarise? A.Mitosis B.MeiosisI C.MeiosisII D.MeiosisIorII 30.Whatisthegeneticmake‐upofanindividualwithKleinfelter’s? A.XO B.XYY C.XXY D.OY 31.Whatwouldbetheresultifmeiosis2wereeliminated? A.Theprocessofrecombinationorcrossing‐overwillbeeliminated B.Theprogenywillbehaploid(1N) C.Theprogenywillbetetraploidor4N D.Therewillbenochangetothegeneticmake‐upoftheprogeny(2N) 32.TheDNAdoublehelixiswoundaroundhistones.ThisallowsforDNAtobecondensed duringcelldivisionandfortheinhibitionofgenetranscription.Whichofthefollowingisa truestatementabouthistone–DNAinteractions? A.HistonesinteractwithDNAattheminorgroove. B.Histone–DNAbindingisbasedonchargeinteractionsandnotonrecognitionofspecificDNA sequences. C.ModificationofthehistoneN‐terminaltailcanalterhistone–DNAbinding. D.Alloftheabove 33.WhatistheeffectontheoverallrateoftranscriptionwithinacellifthelevelofHistone AcetylTransferase(HAT)proteinsisreducedbymutations? A.Increase B.Decrease C.Nochangeintranscriptionwillbeobserved D.Therewillbelocalizedincreasesatsomegenesandlocalizeddecreasesatothergenes. More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 34.Whatwouldbetheeffectontheoverallrateoftranscriptionwithinacellifthelevelsof HistoneDeAcetylase(HDAC)proteinswereincreased? A.Increase B.Decrease C.Nochangeintranscriptionwillbeobserved D.Therewillbelocalizedincreasesatsomegenesandlocalizeddecreasesatothergenes. 35.Inthearticle“Inthebeginning….”StanleyMillerisdescribedastestingthehypothesis thatlifebeganintheatmosphere.Hepassedanelectriccurrentthroughaflaskcontaining boilingwaterandseveralgasesthatwerethoughttoexistduringtheearliesttimeson Earth.Whichofthefollowingmoleculeswerecreatedinthisexperiment? A.nucleicacids B.aminoacids C.lipids D.primitiveorganelles 36.Inthearticleentitled“Nearlythere…”CraigVentoriscreditedwithcreatingthefirst artificialorganism.Whichofthefollowingaretruestatementsfromthearticle? A.VenterinsertedarecreatedversionoftheM.genitaliumgenomeintoabacterialcellthathadits ownDNAremoved. B.Venterwantstodeterminethe“minimalgenome”–abacterialcellwithonlythegenes absolutelynecessaryforsurvivalandreproduction. C.Syntheticbacteriacanbeusedtoproducemolecularproductssuchasfuelsforcarsandjets. D.Alloftheabove 37.Basedonyourunderstandingofthearticleentitled“Cavemen,ChimpsandUs”whichof thefollowingstatementsistrue? A.Neanderthalsandmodernhumansshareacommonancestorthatlivedabout400,000yearsago whilehumansandchimpanzeeshavebeenevolvingapartfornearly5‐7millionyears. B.TherecentdivergenceofNeanderthalsandmodernhumansmeansthatthereareveryfew differencesbetweenthetwogenomes. C.ThefewdifferencesbetweentheNeanderthalandhumangenomesshouldberesponsiblefor traitssuchaslanguage,brainsizeandhigherorderthinking. D.Alloftheabove 38.Inthearticleentitled“Closecousins”itisarguedthathumanscouldhaveinterbredwith chimpanzeesatsomepointinthedistantpast.Whichofthefollowingisusedtosupport thisconclusion? A.TheXchromosomesofhumansandchimpanzeesaremoresimilarthanthenon‐sex chromosomeswhichsuggeststhatviablehuman‐chimphybridsexisted. B.Thefossilrecordindicatesthataskulldatedtobebetween6mand7.4myearsoldhashuman‐ likefeatures. C.Ananalysisofthehumanandchimpgenomeindicatesthereareregionsofveryhighsequence similarity. D.Alloftheabove More Tutorial at www.dumblittledoctor.com 39.Inthearticleentitled“Theoriginofspeakies”itissuggestedthatNeanderthalscan speak.Whichofthefollowingisevidencethatismayinfactbetrue? A.Neanderthalshadahyoidbonewhichisimportantintongueandlarynxmovement. B.Neanderthalshadalargehypglossalcanalwhichisusedbynervestoenervatethetongue. C.NeanderthalshadacopyoftheFOXP2genewhichisthoughttobeimportantforspeechand languageinmodernhumans. D.Alloftheabove 40.WhichteamdoyouwanttowintheSuperBowl?InLasVegasthePackersarefavored overtheSteelersby2.5points.IamcurioustoseewhatthespreadishereinBloomington. (youwillgetcreditforeitheranswer). A.PittsburghSteelers B.GreenBayPackers EXAM1ANSWERKEY 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.A 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.B 28.A 29.D 30.C 31.C 32.D 33.B 34.B 35.B 36.D 37.D 38.D 39.D 40.AandB