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Bonus Exercises BonEx-6 گرامر و درکمطلب 1 of 22 لح ©2016 ابوا سن اتجفر www.tajfar.com Reading Comprehension . متن زیر را بخوانید و به پرسشهای درک مطلب «عمومیِ» آن پاسخ دهید:1 تمرین 1 پاسخ تمرین 1 Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies, proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is reduced. 2 Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed. Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths. Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations. 3 Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. 1 2 Paragraph 1 is primarily discusses the fact that 3 The main topic of paragraph 3 is a communication strategies can reduce earthquake damage a earthquake management advances in the 1960s b earthquake damage can be managed b c construction codes should be obligatory computer simulation of buildings’ behavior during earthquakes d earthquakes cannot be prevented c simulated patterns and real seismic events d the contribution of engineering to earthquake damage reduction The main idea of Paragraph 2 is a the nature of tsunamis b response to tsunamis Which title below is the most suitable for the passage above? c necessity of evacuation a The Do’s and Don’t’s During Earthquakes d what tsunamis are b Safety Procedures c Predicting Seismic Activity d Reducing Earthquake Damage 4 BonEx-6 2 of 22 . پرسشهای زیر را پاسخ دهید، با توجه به متن هر پاراگراف، اکنون:2 تمرین 2 پاسخ تمرین 1 Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies, proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is reduced. 1 Why does the author mention education in paragraph 1? a As the most important means of managing earthquakes b As an effective way of building safer structures c d 3 As one of the several ways of reducing earthquake damage As the only of making earthquake prediction possible The word regulatory in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by a policing b governing c organized d patrolling 3 4 The word These in paragraph 1 refers to a countries b agencies c building standards d strategies According to the passage, if buildings are built according to safety codes, a there is higher survival chance for buildings b more people survive huge earthquakes c survivors will lead better lives afterwards d earthquakes will pose no danger BonEx-6 3 of 22 2 Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed. Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths. Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations. 5 The word Seismologists in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to a Earthquake scientists b Emergency workers c Tsunami fans d Rescuers 7 8 6 We can infer that when a tsunami alert is issued, a people leave crowded areas b people hide in safe places c people move towards the sea d people move away from the sea The word This in paragraph 2 refers to What does the phrase a preventative measure in paragraph 2 mean? a the speed of tsunami waves a preventive action b the speed of seismic waves b prohibiting measurements c the fact that tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves c blocking sizes d measurable effects d the fact that seismic waves travel ten times faster BonEx-6 4 of 22 3 Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. 9 10 According to paragraph 3, engineers have helped reduce earthquake damage by doing all of the following EXCEPT a evacuating the most hazardous earthquake areas b employing more flexible materials c using reinforced building materials d analyzing computer patterns 11 12 The word response in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to a answer b collapse c reaction d duty The word They in paragraph 3 refers to The phrase compatible with in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by a Building materials b Scientists and engineers a comparable with c Seismologists b resistant to d Northridge and Kōbe c adaptable to d indestructible against BonEx-6 5 of 22 Structure and Written Expression (Grammar Focus: Parts of Speech) گزینهای که جمله را به بهترین شکل کامل میکند کدام است؟، در هر یک از پرسشهای زیر:3 تمرین 3 پاسخ تمرین 1 The study of earthquakes and the waves __________ is called seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”). a b c d 2 increasing have increased increase increases Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused __________ property and structural damage. a b c d 5 In case of As Despite Because of Scientists have determined that as water level in a reservoir __________, water pressure in pores inside the rocks along local faults also increases. a b c d 4 __________ P and S waves move through the interior of the Earth, they are reflected and refracted. a b c d 3 they create that create that creating create severity severely severe how severely In 1911 American seismologist Harry Fielding Reid studied the __________ of the April 1906 California earthquake. a b c d effectiveness affects effects effective BonEx-6 6 of 22 6 Scientists look into geologic history for information about earthquakes that occurred before __________ instruments to measure them. a b c d 7 being monitored having monitored monitored monitoring to assemble they assembling assembling assemble Japan is shaken by more than 1,000 tremors __________ than 3.5 in magnitude each year. a b c d 11 The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how __________ an earthquake kit. a b c d 10 that on on that which on on which Seismologists have been __________ the frequency and locations of earthquakes for most of the 20th century. a b c d 9 Besides the Moon and the Earth, Mars is the only other planetary body __________ seismographs have been placed. a b c d 8 people’s people use people had did they use most great more great greatest greater When a severe earthquake occurs, lives may be lost in the __________ destruction. a b c d resulted resulting having resulted being resulting BonEx-6 7 of 22 12 Scientists use digital seismographs, __________ seismic monitoring systems that record seismic events. a b c d 13 disease widespread outbreaks outbreaks disease widespread disease outbreaks widespread widespread disease outbreaks Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth suddenly __________. a b c d 15 Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of __________, especially in underdeveloped countries. a b c d 14 which computerized computerized are computerized have computerized releases releasing released had released Scientists now use the plate tectonics theory to describe the movement of the Earth’s plates and __________ this movement causes earthquakes. a b c d how as because yet BonEx-6 8 of 22 . بخشِ زیرخطدارِ نادرست را مشخص کنید، در هریک از جملههای زیر:4 تمرین 4 پاسخ تمرین 16 Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide a A c once every few years. d 17 Earthquakes caused by human activities may be harmful, they can also provide useful information. A 18 b b A d c d Scientists have measured other changes along active faults for trying and predict future activity. a 21 c Seismologists can determine as ancient earthquakes occurred. a 20 d Scientists were enable to determine the interior structure of Mars with only this single event. A 19 c b A d Earthquake waves make the ground move, shake buildings and causing poorly designed or weak structures to a A c d partially or totally collapse. 22 An analog seismograph consists of a base is anchored into the ground so that it moves with the ground during an a A c d earthquake. 23 Earthquake prediction includes calculating how a strong ground motion affecting a certain area if an earthquake a b A d does occur. 24 At least three stations are required in order to triangulate, or calculating, the epicenter. a 25 b d Earthquake size can be measured by seismic intensity as well, which a measure of the effects of an earthquake. a 26 C b c D When readings from a number of observatories around the world available, the integrated system allows for rapid a b C d location of the epicenter. 27 The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire partially depends on if natural gas mains have been broken. a b A d BonEx-6 9 of 22 28 Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the upward movement of magma under the volcano, strains the rock locally and a b A d leads to an earthquake. 29 After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and should prepare a b A themselves for aftershocks. d 30 Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil beneath structures and buildings weak. a 31 b c A Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and the place strong seismic a b c S motions may occur. 32 The intense study of earthquake waves began during the last decades of the 19th century, just people began placing a b A d seismographs at observatories around the world. 33 Earthquakes sometimes occur when human activities, such as the filling of reservoirs, increasing stress in the Earth’s a b A d crust. 34 In studies of earthquake waves, seismologists found that the outer core liquid and the inner core is solid. a 35 b d In some instances, lack of food supplies, clean water, and heating can create serious health problems as well as. a 36 A b c A The point within the Earth along the rupturing geological fault there an earthquake originates is called the focus, or a b S d hypocenter. 37 Fires can be significantly reduced with pre-earthquake planning, fire-resistant building materials, enforced fire a b c codes, and publicly fire drills. A 38 Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains were not a b c A intact to transport water to the fires. 39 Scientists use the knowledge of plate tectonics to predict which areas be damaged the most by earthquakes. a b A d BonEx-6 10 of 22 40 The effect is like the suddenly breaking and snapping back of a stretched elastic band. a A c d BonEx-6 11 of 22 4 | تمرین3 | تمرین2 | تمرین1 تمرین :1 پاسخ تمرین 1 Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies, proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is reduced. 2 Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed. Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths. Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations. 3 Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. 1 2 Paragraph 1 is primarily discusses the fact that 3 The main topic of paragraph 3 is a communication strategies can reduce earthquake damage a earthquake management advances in the 1960s A earthquake damage can be managed b c construction codes should be obligatory computer simulation of buildings’ behavior during earthquakes d earthquakes cannot be prevented c simulated patterns and real seismic events A the contribution of engineering to earthquake damage reduction The main idea of Paragraph 2 is a the nature of tsunamis A response to tsunamis Which title below is the most suitable for the passage above? c necessity of evacuation a The Do’s and Don’t’s During Earthquakes d what tsunamis are b Safety Procedures c Predicting Seismic Activity A Reducing Earthquake Damage 4 BonEx-6 12 of 22 4 | تمرین3 | تمرین2 | تمرین1 تمرین 1 :2 پاسخ تمرین Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies, proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is reduced. 1 Why does the author mention education in paragraph 1? a As the most important means of managing earthquakes b As an effective way of building safer structures A d 3 As one of the several ways of reducing earthquake damage As the only of making earthquake prediction possible The word regulatory in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by a policing A governing c organized d patrolling 3 4 The word These in paragraph 1 refers to a countries A agencies c building standards d strategies According to the passage, if buildings are built according to safety codes, A there is higher survival chance for buildings b more people survive huge earthquakes c survivors will lead better lives afterwards d earthquakes will pose no danger BonEx-6 13 of 22 2 Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed. Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths. Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations. 5 The word Seismologists in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A Earthquake scientists b Emergency workers c Tsunami fans d Rescuers 7 8 6 We can infer that when a tsunami alert is issued, a people leave crowded areas b people hide in safe places c people move towards the sea A people move away from the sea The word This in paragraph 2 refers to the fact What does the phrase a preventative measure in paragraph 2 mean? a the speed of tsunami waves A preventive action b the speed of seismic waves b prohibiting measurements A that tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves c blocking sizes d measurable effects d that seismic waves travel ten times faster BonEx-6 14 of 22 3 Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. 9 10 According to paragraph 3, engineers have helped reduce earthquake damage by doing all of the following EXCEPT A evacuating the most hazardous earthquake areas b employing more flexible materials c using reinforced building materials d analyzing computer patterns 11 12 The word response in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to a answer b collapse A reaction d duty The word They in paragraph 3 refers to The phrase compatible with in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by a Building materials A Scientists and engineers a comparable with c Seismologists b resistant to d Northridge and Kōbe A adaptable to d indestructible against BonEx-6 15 of 22 4 | تمرین3 | تمرین2 | تمرین1 تمرین 1 The study of earthquakes and the waves __________ is called seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”). A b c d 2 increasing have increased increase increases severity severely severe how severely In 1911 American seismologist Harry Fielding Reid studied the __________ of the April 1906 California earthquake. a b A d 6 In case of As Despite Because of Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused __________ property and structural damage. a b A d 5 Scientists have determined that as water level in a reservoir __________, water pressure in pores inside the rocks along local faults also increases. a b c A 4 they create that create that creating create __________ P and S waves move through the interior of the Earth, they are reflected and refracted. a A c d 3 :3 پاسخ تمرین effectiveness affects effects effective Scientists look into geologic history for information about earthquakes that occurred before __________ instruments to measure them. a b A d people’s people use people had did they use BonEx-6 16 of 22 7 Besides the Moon and the Earth, Mars is the only other planetary body __________ seismographs have been placed. a b c A 8 to assemble they assembling assembling assemble most great more great greatest greater When a severe earthquake occurs, lives may be lost in the __________ destruction. a A c d 12 Japan is shaken by more than 1,000 tremors __________ than 3.5 in magnitude each year. a b c A 11 being monitored having monitored monitored monitoring The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how __________ an earthquake kit. A b c d 10 Seismologists have been __________ the frequency and locations of earthquakes for most of the 20th century. a b c A 9 that on on that which on on which resulted resulting having resulted being resulting Scientists use digital seismographs, __________ seismic monitoring systems that record seismic events. a A c d which computerized computerized are computerized have computerized BonEx-6 17 of 22 13 Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of __________, especially in underdeveloped countries. a b c A 14 Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth suddenly __________. A b c d 15 disease widespread outbreaks outbreaks disease widespread disease outbreaks widespread widespread disease outbreaks releases releasing released had released Scientists now use the plate tectonics theory to describe the movement of the Earth’s plates and __________ this movement causes earthquakes. A b c d how as because yet BonEx-6 18 of 22 4 | تمرین3 | تمرین2 | تمرین1 تمرین 16 :4 پاسخ تمرین Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide a A c once every few years. d caused which caused 17 Earthquakes caused by human activities may be harmful, they can also provide useful information. A b c d Earthquakes While earthquakes 18 Scientists were enable to determine the interior structure of Mars with only this single event. A b c d enable unsable 19 Seismologists can determine as ancient earthquakes occurred. a A c d as when 20 Scientists have measured other changes along active faults for trying and predict future activity. a b A d for trying to try 21 Earthquake waves make the ground move, shake buildings and causing poorly designed or weak structures to a A c d partially or totally collapse. shake shaking BonEx-6 19 of 22 22 An analog seismograph consists of a base is anchored into the ground so that it moves with the ground during an a A c d earthquake. is that is / which is 23 Earthquake prediction includes calculating how a strong ground motion affecting a certain area if an earthquake a b A d does occur. affecting will affect 24 At least three stations are required in order to triangulate, or calculating, the epicenter. a b C d calculating calculate 25 Earthquake size can be measured by seismic intensity as well, which a measure of the effects of an earthquake. a b c D which a measure which is a measure / a measure 26 When readings from a number of observatories around the world available, the integrated system allows for rapid a b C d location of the epicenter. available are available 27 The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire partially depends on if natural gas mains have been broken. a b if whether A d BonEx-6 20 of 22 28 Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the upward movement of magma under the volcano, strains the rock locally and a b A d leads to an earthquake. strains which strains 29 After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and should prepare a b A themselves for aftershocks. d should prepare prepare 30 Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil beneath structures and buildings weak. a b c A weak weakens 31 Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and the place strong seismic a b c S motions may occur. when and the place when and where 32 The intense study of earthquake waves began during the last decades of the 19th century, just people began placing a b A d seismographs at observatories around the world. just when 33 Earthquakes sometimes occur when human activities, such as the filling of reservoirs, increasing stress in the Earth’s a b A d crust. increasing increase BonEx-6 21 of 22 34 In studies of earthquake waves, seismologists found that the outer core liquid and the inner core is solid. a b A d liquid is liquid 35 In some instances, lack of food supplies, clean water, and heating can create serious health problems as well as. a b c A as well as as well 36 The point within the Earth along the rupturing geological fault there an earthquake originates is called the focus, or a b S d hypocenter. there where 37 Fires can be significantly reduced with pre-earthquake planning, fire-resistant building materials, enforced fire a b c codes, and publicly fire drills. A publicly public 38 Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains were not a b c A intact to transport water to the fires. were are 39 Scientists use the knowledge of plate tectonics to predict which areas be damaged the most by earthquakes. a be damaged will be damaged b A d BonEx-6 22 of 22 40 The effect is like the suddenly breaking and snapping back of a stretched elastic band. a A suddenly sudden c d