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Bonus Exercises
BonEx-6
‫گرامر و درکمطلب‬
1 of 22
‫لح‬
©2016 ‫ابوا سن اتجفر‬
www.tajfar.com
Reading Comprehension
.‫ متن زیر را بخوانید و به پرسشهای درک مطلب «عمومیِ» آن پاسخ دهید‬:1 ‫تمرین‬
1 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
1
Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies,
proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to
the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake
safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and
construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is
reduced.
2
Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed.
Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on
seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten
times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts
so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths.
Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations.
3
Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking
in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings
that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the
response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in
the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer
models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest
what reinforcement is needed.
1
2
Paragraph 1 is primarily discusses the fact that
3
The main topic of paragraph 3 is
a
communication strategies can reduce
earthquake damage
a
earthquake management advances in the
1960s
b
earthquake damage can be managed
b
c
construction codes should be obligatory
computer simulation of buildings’ behavior
during earthquakes
d
earthquakes cannot be prevented
c
simulated patterns and real seismic events
d
the contribution of engineering to
earthquake damage reduction
The main idea of Paragraph 2 is
a
the nature of tsunamis
b
response to tsunamis
Which title below is the most suitable for the
passage above?
c
necessity of evacuation
a
The Do’s and Don’t’s During Earthquakes
d
what tsunamis are
b
Safety Procedures
c
Predicting Seismic Activity
d
Reducing Earthquake Damage
4
BonEx-6
2 of 22
.‫ پرسشهای زیر را پاسخ دهید‬،‫ با توجه به متن هر پاراگراف‬،‫ اکنون‬:2 ‫تمرین‬
2 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
1
Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies,
proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to
the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake
safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and
construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is
reduced.
1
Why does the author mention education in
paragraph 1?
a
As the most important means of managing
earthquakes
b
As an effective way of building safer
structures
c
d
3
As one of the several ways of reducing
earthquake damage
As the only of making earthquake
prediction possible
The word regulatory in paragraph 1 could best be
replaced by
a
policing
b
governing
c
organized
d
patrolling
3
4
The word These in paragraph 1 refers to
a
countries
b
agencies
c
building standards
d
strategies
According to the passage, if buildings are built
according to safety codes,
a
there is higher survival chance for
buildings
b
more people survive huge earthquakes
c
survivors will lead better lives afterwards
d
earthquakes will pose no danger
BonEx-6
3 of 22
2
Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed.
Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on
seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten
times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts
so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths.
Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations.
5
The word Seismologists in paragraph 2 is closest
in meaning to
a
Earthquake scientists
b
Emergency workers
c
Tsunami fans
d
Rescuers
7
8
6
We can infer that when a tsunami alert is issued,
a
people leave crowded areas
b
people hide in safe places
c
people move towards the sea
d
people move away from the sea
The word This in paragraph 2 refers to
What does the phrase a preventative measure in
paragraph 2 mean?
a
the speed of tsunami waves
a
preventive action
b
the speed of seismic waves
b
prohibiting measurements
c
the fact that tsunami waves travel slower
than seismic P and S waves
c
blocking sizes
d
measurable effects
d
the fact that seismic waves travel ten
times faster
BonEx-6
4 of 22
3
Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking
in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings
that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the
response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in
the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer
models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest
what reinforcement is needed.
9
10
According to paragraph 3, engineers have helped
reduce earthquake damage by doing all of the
following EXCEPT
a
evacuating the most hazardous
earthquake areas
b
employing more flexible materials
c
using reinforced building materials
d
analyzing computer patterns
11
12
The word response in paragraph 3 is closest in
meaning to
a
answer
b
collapse
c
reaction
d
duty
The word They in paragraph 3 refers to
The phrase compatible with in paragraph 3 could
best be replaced by
a
Building materials
b
Scientists and engineers
a
comparable with
c
Seismologists
b
resistant to
d
Northridge and Kōbe
c
adaptable to
d
indestructible against
BonEx-6
5 of 22
Structure and Written Expression (Grammar Focus: Parts of Speech)
‫ گزینهای که جمله را به بهترین شکل کامل میکند کدام است؟‬،‫ در هر یک از پرسشهای زیر‬:3 ‫تمرین‬
3 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
1
The study of earthquakes and the waves __________ is called seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”).
a
b
c
d
2

increasing
have increased
increase
increases

Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused __________ property and structural damage.
a
b
c
d
5
In case of
As
Despite
Because of
Scientists have determined that as water level in a reservoir __________, water pressure in pores inside the rocks
along local faults also increases.
a
b
c
d
4

__________ P and S waves move through the interior of the Earth, they are reflected and refracted.
a
b
c
d
3
they create
that create
that creating
create
severity
severely
severe
how severely

In 1911 American seismologist Harry Fielding Reid studied the __________ of the April 1906 California earthquake.
a
b
c
d
effectiveness
affects
effects
effective

BonEx-6
6 of 22
6
Scientists look into geologic history for information about earthquakes that occurred before __________
instruments to measure them.
a
b
c
d
7
being monitored
having monitored
monitored
monitoring

to assemble
they assembling
assembling
assemble

Japan is shaken by more than 1,000 tremors __________ than 3.5 in magnitude each year.
a
b
c
d
11

The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how __________ an earthquake kit.
a
b
c
d
10
that on
on that
which on
on which
Seismologists have been __________ the frequency and locations of earthquakes for most of the 20th century.
a
b
c
d
9

Besides the Moon and the Earth, Mars is the only other planetary body __________ seismographs have been
placed.
a
b
c
d
8
people’s
people use
people had
did they use
most great
more great
greatest
greater

When a severe earthquake occurs, lives may be lost in the __________ destruction.
a
b
c
d
resulted
resulting
having resulted
being resulting

BonEx-6
7 of 22
12
Scientists use digital seismographs, __________ seismic monitoring systems that record seismic events.
a
b
c
d
13
disease widespread outbreaks
outbreaks disease widespread
disease outbreaks widespread
widespread disease outbreaks

Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth suddenly __________.
a
b
c
d
15

Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of __________, especially in underdeveloped countries.
a
b
c
d
14
which computerized
computerized
are computerized
have computerized
releases
releasing
released
had released

Scientists now use the plate tectonics theory to describe the movement of the Earth’s plates and __________ this
movement causes earthquakes.
a
b
c
d
how
as
because
yet

BonEx-6
8 of 22
.‫ بخشِ زیرخطدارِ نادرست را مشخص کنید‬،‫ در هریک از جملههای زیر‬:4 ‫تمرین‬
4 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
16
Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide
a
A
c
once every few years.
d
17
Earthquakes caused by human activities may be harmful, they can also provide useful information.
A
18
b
b
A
d
c
d
Scientists have measured other changes along active faults for trying and predict future activity.
a
21
c
Seismologists can determine as ancient earthquakes occurred.
a
20
d
Scientists were enable to determine the interior structure of Mars with only this single event.
A
19
c
b
A
d
Earthquake waves make the ground move, shake buildings and causing poorly designed or weak structures to
a
A
c
d
partially or totally collapse.
22
An analog seismograph consists of a base is anchored into the ground so that it moves with the ground during an
a
A
c
d
earthquake.
23
Earthquake prediction includes calculating how a strong ground motion affecting a certain area if an earthquake
a
b
A
d
does occur.
24
At least three stations are required in order to triangulate, or calculating, the epicenter.
a
25
b
d
Earthquake size can be measured by seismic intensity as well, which a measure of the effects of an earthquake.
a
26
C
b
c
D
When readings from a number of observatories around the world available, the integrated system allows for rapid
a
b
C
d
location of the epicenter.
27
The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire partially depends on if natural gas mains have been broken.
a
b
A
d
BonEx-6
9 of 22
28
Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the upward movement of magma under the volcano, strains the rock locally and
a
b
A
d
leads to an earthquake.
29
After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and should prepare
a
b
A
themselves for aftershocks.
d
30
Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil beneath structures and buildings weak.
a
31
b
c
A
Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and the place strong seismic
a
b
c
S
motions may occur.
32
The intense study of earthquake waves began during the last decades of the 19th century, just people began placing
a
b
A
d
seismographs at observatories around the world.
33
Earthquakes sometimes occur when human activities, such as the filling of reservoirs, increasing stress in the Earth’s
a
b
A
d
crust.
34
In studies of earthquake waves, seismologists found that the outer core liquid and the inner core is solid.
a
35
b
d
In some instances, lack of food supplies, clean water, and heating can create serious health problems as well as.
a
36
A
b
c
A
The point within the Earth along the rupturing geological fault there an earthquake originates is called the focus, or
a
b
S
d
hypocenter.
37
Fires can be significantly reduced with pre-earthquake planning, fire-resistant building materials, enforced fire
a
b
c
codes, and publicly fire drills.
A
38
Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains were not
a
b
c
A
intact to transport water to the fires.
39
Scientists use the knowledge of plate tectonics to predict which areas be damaged the most by earthquakes.
a
b
A
d
BonEx-6
10 of 22
40
The effect is like the suddenly breaking and snapping back of a stretched elastic band.
a
A
c
d
BonEx-6
11 of 22
4 ‫ | تمرین‬3 ‫ | تمرین‬2 ‫ | تمرین‬1 ‫تمرین‬
:1 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
1
Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies,
proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to
the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake
safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and
construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is
reduced.
2
Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed.
Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on
seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten
times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts
so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths.
Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations.
3
Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking
in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings
that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the
response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in
the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer
models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest
what reinforcement is needed.
1
2
Paragraph 1 is primarily discusses the fact that
3
The main topic of paragraph 3 is
a
communication strategies can reduce
earthquake damage
a
earthquake management advances in the
1960s
A
earthquake damage can be managed
b
c
construction codes should be obligatory
computer simulation of buildings’ behavior
during earthquakes
d
earthquakes cannot be prevented
c
simulated patterns and real seismic events
A
the contribution of engineering to
earthquake damage reduction
The main idea of Paragraph 2 is
a
the nature of tsunamis
A
response to tsunamis
Which title below is the most suitable for the
passage above?
c
necessity of evacuation
a
The Do’s and Don’t’s During Earthquakes
d
what tsunamis are
b
Safety Procedures
c
Predicting Seismic Activity
A
Reducing Earthquake Damage
4
BonEx-6
12 of 22
4 ‫ | تمرین‬3 ‫ | تمرین‬2 ‫ | تمرین‬1 ‫تمرین‬
1
:2 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but the damage they cause can be greatly reduced with communication strategies,
proper structural design, emergency preparedness planning, education, and safer building standards. In response to
the tragic loss of life and great cost of rebuilding after past earthquakes, many countries have established earthquake
safety and regulatory agencies. These require codes for engineers to use in order to regulate development and
construction. Buildings built according to these codes survive earthquakes better and ensure that earthquake risk is
reduced.
1
Why does the author mention education in
paragraph 1?
a
As the most important means of managing
earthquakes
b
As an effective way of building safer
structures
A
d
3
As one of the several ways of reducing
earthquake damage
As the only of making earthquake
prediction possible
The word regulatory in paragraph 1 could best be
replaced by
a
policing
A
governing
c
organized
d
patrolling
3
4
The word These in paragraph 1 refers to
a
countries
A
agencies
c
building standards
d
strategies
According to the passage, if buildings are built
according to safety codes,
A
there is higher survival chance for
buildings
b
more people survive huge earthquakes
c
survivors will lead better lives afterwards
d
earthquakes will pose no danger
BonEx-6
13 of 22
2
Tsunami early warning systems can prevent some damage because tsunami waves travel at a very slow speed.
Seismologists immediately send out a warning when evidence of a large undersea earthquake appears on
seismographs. Tsunami waves travel slower than seismic P and S waves—in the open ocean, they move about ten
times slower than the speed of seismic waves in the rocks below. This gives seismologists time to issue tsunami alerts
so that people at risk can evacuate the coastal area as a preventative measure to reduce related injuries or deaths.
Scientists radio or telephone the information to the Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu and other stations.
5
The word Seismologists in paragraph 2 is closest
in meaning to
A
Earthquake scientists
b
Emergency workers
c
Tsunami fans
d
Rescuers
7
8
6
We can infer that when a tsunami alert is issued,
a
people leave crowded areas
b
people hide in safe places
c
people move towards the sea
A
people move away from the sea
The word This in paragraph 2 refers to the fact
What does the phrase a preventative measure in
paragraph 2 mean?
a
the speed of tsunami waves
A
preventive action
b
the speed of seismic waves
b
prohibiting measurements
A
that tsunami waves travel slower than
seismic P and S waves
c
blocking sizes
d
measurable effects
d
that seismic waves travel ten times faster
BonEx-6
14 of 22
3
Engineers minimize earthquake damage to buildings by using flexible, reinforced materials that can withstand shaking
in buildings. Since the 1960s, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings
that are compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They use computer models to predict the
response of the building to ground shaking patterns and compare these patterns to actual seismic events, such as in
the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake. They also analyze computer
models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest
what reinforcement is needed.
9
10
According to paragraph 3, engineers have helped
reduce earthquake damage by doing all of the
following EXCEPT
A
evacuating the most hazardous
earthquake areas
b
employing more flexible materials
c
using reinforced building materials
d
analyzing computer patterns
11
12
The word response in paragraph 3 is closest in
meaning to
a
answer
b
collapse
A
reaction
d
duty
The word They in paragraph 3 refers to
The phrase compatible with in paragraph 3 could
best be replaced by
a
Building materials
A
Scientists and engineers
a
comparable with
c
Seismologists
b
resistant to
d
Northridge and Kōbe
A
adaptable to
d
indestructible against
BonEx-6
15 of 22
4 ‫ | تمرین‬3 ‫ | تمرین‬2 ‫ | تمرین‬1 ‫تمرین‬
1
The study of earthquakes and the waves __________ is called seismology (from the Greek seismos, “to shake”).
A
b
c
d
2

increasing
have increased
increase
increases

severity
severely
severe
how severely

In 1911 American seismologist Harry Fielding Reid studied the __________ of the April 1906 California earthquake.
a
b
A
d
6
In case of
As
Despite
Because of
Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused __________ property and structural damage.
a
b
A
d
5

Scientists have determined that as water level in a reservoir __________, water pressure in pores inside the rocks
along local faults also increases.
a
b
c
A
4
they create
that create
that creating
create
__________ P and S waves move through the interior of the Earth, they are reflected and refracted.
a
A
c
d
3
:3 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
effectiveness
affects
effects
effective

Scientists look into geologic history for information about earthquakes that occurred before __________
instruments to measure them.
a
b
A
d
people’s
people use
people had
did they use

BonEx-6
16 of 22
7
Besides the Moon and the Earth, Mars is the only other planetary body __________ seismographs have been
placed.
a
b
c
A
8
to assemble
they assembling
assembling
assemble

most great
more great
greatest
greater

When a severe earthquake occurs, lives may be lost in the __________ destruction.
a
A
c
d
12

Japan is shaken by more than 1,000 tremors __________ than 3.5 in magnitude each year.
a
b
c
A
11
being monitored
having monitored
monitored
monitoring
The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how __________ an earthquake kit.
A
b
c
d
10

Seismologists have been __________ the frequency and locations of earthquakes for most of the 20th century.
a
b
c
A
9
that on
on that
which on
on which
resulted
resulting
having resulted
being resulting

Scientists use digital seismographs, __________ seismic monitoring systems that record seismic events.
a
A
c
d
which computerized
computerized
are computerized
have computerized

BonEx-6
17 of 22
13
Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of __________, especially in underdeveloped countries.
a
b
c
A
14

Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth suddenly __________.
A
b
c
d
15
disease widespread outbreaks
outbreaks disease widespread
disease outbreaks widespread
widespread disease outbreaks
releases
releasing
released
had released

Scientists now use the plate tectonics theory to describe the movement of the Earth’s plates and __________ this
movement causes earthquakes.
A
b
c
d
how
as
because
yet

BonEx-6
18 of 22
4 ‫ | تمرین‬3 ‫ | تمرین‬2 ‫ | تمرین‬1 ‫تمرین‬
16
:4 ‫پاسخ تمرین‬
Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide
a
A
c
once every few years.
d

caused

which caused
17
Earthquakes caused by human activities may be harmful, they can also provide useful information.
A
b
c
d

Earthquakes

While earthquakes
18
Scientists were enable to determine the interior structure of Mars with only this single event.
A
b
c
d

enable

unsable
19
Seismologists can determine as ancient earthquakes occurred.
a
A
c
d

as

when
20
Scientists have measured other changes along active faults for trying and predict future activity.
a
b
A
d

for trying

to try
21
Earthquake waves make the ground move, shake buildings and causing poorly designed or weak structures to
a
A
c
d
partially or totally collapse.
shake

shaking

BonEx-6
19 of 22
22
An analog seismograph consists of a base is anchored into the ground so that it moves with the ground during an
a
A
c
d
earthquake.

is

that is / which is
23
Earthquake prediction includes calculating how a strong ground motion affecting a certain area if an earthquake
a
b
A
d
does occur.

affecting

will affect
24
At least three stations are required in order to triangulate, or calculating, the epicenter.
a
b
C
d

calculating

calculate
25
Earthquake size can be measured by seismic intensity as well, which a measure of the effects of an earthquake.
a
b
c
D

which a measure

which is a measure / a measure
26
When readings from a number of observatories around the world available, the integrated system allows for rapid
a
b
C
d
location of the epicenter.

available

are available
27
The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire partially depends on if natural gas mains have been broken.
a
b
if

whether
A
d

BonEx-6
20 of 22
28
Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the upward movement of magma under the volcano, strains the rock locally and
a
b
A
d
leads to an earthquake.

strains

which strains
29
After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and should prepare
a
b
A
themselves for aftershocks.
d

should prepare

prepare
30
Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil beneath structures and buildings weak.
a
b
c
A

weak

weakens
31
Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and the place strong seismic
a
b
c
S
motions may occur.

when and the place

when and where
32
The intense study of earthquake waves began during the last decades of the 19th century, just people began placing
a
b
A
d
seismographs at observatories around the world.

just

when
33
Earthquakes sometimes occur when human activities, such as the filling of reservoirs, increasing stress in the Earth’s
a
b
A
d
crust.
increasing

increase

BonEx-6
21 of 22
34
In studies of earthquake waves, seismologists found that the outer core liquid and the inner core is solid.
a
b
A
d

liquid

is liquid
35
In some instances, lack of food supplies, clean water, and heating can create serious health problems as well as.
a
b
c
A

as well as

as well
36
The point within the Earth along the rupturing geological fault there an earthquake originates is called the focus, or
a
b
S
d
hypocenter.

there

where
37
Fires can be significantly reduced with pre-earthquake planning, fire-resistant building materials, enforced fire
a
b
c
codes, and publicly fire drills.
A

publicly

public
38
Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains were not
a
b
c
A
intact to transport water to the fires.

were

are
39
Scientists use the knowledge of plate tectonics to predict which areas be damaged the most by earthquakes.
a
be damaged

will be damaged
b
A
d

BonEx-6
22 of 22
40
The effect is like the suddenly breaking and snapping back of a stretched elastic band.
a
A
suddenly

sudden
c
d
