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PERIOD 1:1491-1607 “a new world” PERIOD 1:1491-1607 “a new world” On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world. ICE AGE and it melting creates a unique and diverse continent… …and creates a land bridge for migration of the continents first humans. Key Concept 1.1: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other. Cultures of Central and South America organized and sophisticated societies General Characteristics: Mayas (Yucatan Peninsula Aztecs (Central America) Incas (Peru) carried on extensive trade created calendars based on accurate scientific observations Mayan Calendar 12-21-2012 stable food supply cultivating crops maize Slowly works way up into N Am Cultures of Central and South America Aztec Temple Mayan Kukulkan Pyramid Yucatan, Mexico Inca’s Machu Picchu, Peru Cultures of North America General Characteristics: Smaller, less sophisticated native societies semipermanent settlements avg 300 members three sisters cultivation: corn, beans, squash Diverse cultures, languages, dependent on geography Manipulate land for hunting and cultivating Rise of fall of native societies: competition and conflicts Cultures of North America Sandia Resort and Casino, Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico Pueblo Indians southwest; caves, under cliffs and multistoried buildings of stone, masonry dwellings; farming with irrigation systems. Cultures of North America midwest; permanent settlements, hunting, fishing, agriculture; Cahokia Mounds, East St. Louis Lakota Indians Great Plains; mostly nomadic; following buffalo; acquired horses trading with Spanish explorer; Lakotas, Sioux, and Apaches. Cultures of North America Northeast Settlements; hunting and farming; exhausted land frequently; lived in longhouses of many families Iroquois A political unit of Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks; strong military force battling rival Am Inds, and European settlers. EUROPE MOVES TOWARDS EXPLORATION IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY European Renaissance (15th and 16th c.) adapting advances: RELIGIOUS CONFLICT gunpowder (Chinese) sailing compass (Arabs) shipbuilding and mapmaking (Europeans) printing press 1492, Spanish conquer last Moorish (8th cent. Islamic North African invaders) stronghold in Spain under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Protestant Reformation (16th c.) Catholic and Protestant competition to spread own versions of Christianity. EXPANDING TRADE Competition for new water routes for rich Asian trade; Turks seize Constantinople blocking land route to Chinese Empires Portuguese slave trade; labor from West Africa for sugar plantations in Azores DEVELOPING NATION-STATES Countries sharing common culture and loyalty to central government Trade brings need revenue; church supports monarch’s right to rule to spread Christianity to new overseas dominions Key Concept 1.2: European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic. turning point 1492 EXPANDING TRADE new ideas, technology, food supply mineral wealth growing population Economic shift: feudalism to capitalism Columbus’ Legacy Critics Thought he found a new route to Asia. Misnamed natives “Indians;” never stepped foot on N Am Europe ready to expand; lucky to be at right place, right time Conqueror? Religious fanatic: European tradition of conversion and liquidation of resisters’ assets 90% native Am mortality rate Discoverer? Daring and skilled navigator Permanent global interaction between people Columbian exchange Indiscretions offset by development of democratic institutions NORTH AMERICAN CLAIMS: PORTUGAL v SPAIN: Spain and Portugal first to European kingdoms to claim territories; overlapping claims lead to disputes. The Catholic monarchs turn to Pope in Rome who draws Line of Demarcation (1493). Spain controls land west of line. Line move by Spain and Portugal few degrees west under Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), giving Portugal control of Spain Spain claims the rest of the Americas…soon to be challenged by other European nations… EUROPEAN EXPANSION INTO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Exploration and Conquest Fueled by desire for new wealth Increased power and status Increased converts to christianity Shift to capitalism Joint stock company Early Explorers SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST 1513: De Balboa across Isthmus of Panama to Pacific 1519: Magellan circumnavigates the world 1519: Cortes conquers Aztecs in Mexico 1532: Pizzaro conquers Incas in Peru conquistadores SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM (“ENTRUST”) Spanish system to subdue Indian civilizations in Mexico and Peru. Indians are given to some colonists as a labor source for the promise to Christianize them. ASIENTO (16th – mid 18th c.) Spanish use of slavery. Spanish crown authorizes monopoly to supply slaves to Spanish colonies. VALLADOLID DEBATE (1550 - 1551) Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566): Spanish Bishop, Mexico; treatment of Am Inds is “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.” Charles V convenes Council of Valladolid to review treatment of Am Inds. de Las Casas “All the world is human” v. Sepulveda, Spanish Philosopher “infidels,” “actions against natural law” “make natural slaves” de Las Casas wins over the Church – but “quest for wealth” wins the debate CONQUEST OF MEXICO: Aztecs (1519) Cortes: hears tales of gold in capital city; political unrest within Aztec people. “We Spanish suffer from a strange disease of the heart, for which the only known remedy is gold” (1520) noche triste: Aztecs tire of Spanish interference and drive them out (1521) Cortes attacks – combined with small pox epidemic conquers: three centuries of Spanish rule. Mexico will become a unique blend of old and new world culture. Mestizos: Spanish marrying Nat Ams. PUEBLO REVOLT (1680) Largest, most complete expulsion of Spanish rule by Pueblo Indians Destruction, burning, of anything Spanish and Christian including the “washing away of baptism” 1692, Spanish invade and reconquer New Mexico CONQUEST OF MEXICO: Effects Conquering of Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas = Black Legend “killing for Christ,” stealing, torture of a race of people A sprawling Spanish empire Grafted Spanish culture into across a contient 100 year head start over the English turning point 1588