Download PERIOD 1:1491-1607 “a new world”

PERIOD 1:1491-1607
“a new world”
PERIOD 1:1491-1607
“a new world”
On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among
the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.
ICE AGE and it melting creates a
unique and diverse continent…
…and creates a land bridge for migration
of the continents first humans.
Key Concept 1.1:
Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a
wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions
with the environment and each other.
Cultures of Central and South America
organized and sophisticated societies
General Characteristics:
Mayas (Yucatan Peninsula
Aztecs (Central America)
Incas (Peru)
carried on extensive trade
created calendars based on accurate scientific observations
Mayan Calendar
12-21-2012
stable food supply cultivating crops
maize
Slowly works way
up into N Am
Cultures of Central and South America
Aztec Temple
Mayan Kukulkan Pyramid
Yucatan, Mexico
Inca’s Machu Picchu, Peru
Cultures of North America
General Characteristics:
Smaller, less sophisticated native societies
semipermanent settlements avg 300 members
three sisters cultivation: corn, beans, squash
Diverse cultures, languages, dependent on geography
Manipulate land for hunting and cultivating
Rise of fall of native societies: competition and conflicts
Cultures of North America
Sandia Resort and Casino, Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico
Pueblo Indians
southwest; caves, under cliffs and multistoried buildings of stone,
masonry dwellings; farming with irrigation systems.
Cultures of North America
midwest; permanent settlements, hunting, fishing, agriculture;
Cahokia Mounds, East St. Louis
Lakota Indians
Great Plains; mostly nomadic; following buffalo; acquired horses
trading with Spanish explorer; Lakotas, Sioux, and Apaches.
Cultures of North America
Northeast Settlements; hunting and farming; exhausted land frequently; lived in
longhouses of many families
Iroquois
A political unit of Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks; strong
military force battling rival Am Inds, and European settlers.
EUROPE MOVES TOWARDS EXPLORATION
IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY
European Renaissance (15th and 16th c.)
adapting advances:
RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
gunpowder (Chinese)
sailing compass (Arabs)
shipbuilding and mapmaking (Europeans)
printing press
1492, Spanish conquer last Moorish (8th cent. Islamic North African invaders)
stronghold in Spain under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Protestant Reformation (16th c.) Catholic and Protestant competition to
spread own versions of Christianity.
EXPANDING TRADE
Competition for new water routes for rich Asian trade; Turks seize
Constantinople blocking land route to Chinese Empires
Portuguese slave trade; labor from West Africa for sugar plantations in Azores
DEVELOPING NATION-STATES Countries sharing common culture and loyalty to central government
Trade brings need revenue; church supports monarch’s right to rule to
spread Christianity to new overseas dominions
Key Concept 1.2:
European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange,
a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.
turning point
1492
EXPANDING TRADE
new ideas, technology, food supply
mineral wealth
growing population
Economic shift: feudalism to capitalism
Columbus’ Legacy
Critics
Thought he found a new route to Asia.
Misnamed natives “Indians;” never
stepped foot on N Am
Europe ready to expand; lucky
to be at right place, right time
Conqueror?
Religious fanatic: European
tradition of conversion and
liquidation of resisters’ assets
90% native Am mortality rate
Discoverer?
Daring and skilled navigator
Permanent global interaction between people
Columbian exchange
Indiscretions offset by development of
democratic institutions
NORTH AMERICAN CLAIMS: PORTUGAL v SPAIN:
Spain and Portugal first to European kingdoms to claim territories;
overlapping claims lead to disputes.
The Catholic monarchs turn to Pope in Rome who draws Line of
Demarcation (1493). Spain controls land west of line.
Line move by Spain and
Portugal few degrees west
under Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494), giving Portugal control
of Spain
Spain claims the rest of the
Americas…soon to be
challenged by other European
nations…
EUROPEAN EXPANSION INTO
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Exploration and Conquest
Fueled by desire for new wealth
Increased power and status
Increased converts to christianity
Shift to capitalism
Joint stock company
Early Explorers
SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST
1513: De Balboa across Isthmus of Panama to Pacific
1519: Magellan circumnavigates the world
1519: Cortes conquers Aztecs in Mexico
1532: Pizzaro conquers Incas in Peru
conquistadores
SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM (“ENTRUST”)
Spanish system to subdue Indian civilizations in Mexico and Peru. Indians are
given to some colonists as a labor source for the promise to Christianize them.
ASIENTO (16th – mid 18th c.)
Spanish use of slavery. Spanish crown authorizes monopoly to supply
slaves to Spanish colonies.
VALLADOLID DEBATE (1550 - 1551)
Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566): Spanish Bishop, Mexico;
treatment of Am Inds is “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.”
Charles V convenes Council of Valladolid to review treatment of Am Inds.
de Las Casas
“All the world is human”
v.
Sepulveda, Spanish Philosopher
“infidels,” “actions against natural law”
“make natural slaves”
de Las Casas wins over the Church – but “quest for wealth” wins the debate
CONQUEST OF MEXICO: Aztecs
(1519) Cortes: hears tales of gold in capital city; political unrest within Aztec people.
“We Spanish suffer from a strange disease of the heart, for which the only known remedy is gold”
(1520) noche triste: Aztecs tire of Spanish interference and drive them out
(1521) Cortes attacks – combined with small pox epidemic conquers: three centuries of
Spanish rule.
Mexico will become a unique blend of old and new world culture.
Mestizos: Spanish marrying Nat Ams.
PUEBLO REVOLT (1680)
Largest, most complete expulsion of Spanish rule by Pueblo Indians
Destruction, burning, of anything Spanish and Christian including the “washing away of baptism”
1692, Spanish invade and reconquer New Mexico
CONQUEST OF MEXICO: Effects
Conquering of Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas = Black Legend
“killing for Christ,” stealing, torture of a race of people
A sprawling Spanish empire
Grafted Spanish culture into across a contient
100 year head start over the English
turning point
1588