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Transcript
AP Environmental Science: Benchmark 3 Study Guide II. The Living World A. Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interinteractions among species; keystone species; species diversity and actions edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes) o Terms you need to know: biomes, aquatic life zones, keystone species, indicator species, indigenous or endemic species, invasive or alien species, niche habitat, population, community, competition, camouflage, mimicry, limiting factors, resource partitioning, competitive exclusion o Know the difference between the following terms Intraspecific competition and interspecific competition Realized niche and fundamental niche Generalist species and specialist species r-selected species and K- selected species mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, ammensalism and predation biotic and abiotic components of the environment o Other things to know Ecotone: overlapping boundaries of adjacent habitats Habitat fragmentation: human disruption of a habitat that makes it difficult or impossible for an population to move throughout it’s original habitat (i.e. road or subdivision built in the habitat) Law of Tolerance: the existence, abundance, and distribution of species depends on the tolerance level of each species to both physical and chemical factors Gause’s principle: no two species can fill the same niche at the same time o List the major biomes, where they occur in the world, the average precipitation and temperature as well as general information on each biome o List major Aquatic biomes and describe functions of each. Don’t forget wetlands, estuaries, lake zones or ocean zones B. Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids) o Terms you need to know: autotroph, heterotroph, producer, consumer: primary, secondary and tertiary, detritivore, trophic level, food chain, bioaccumulation, biomagnification o Know the difference between the following: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration: including general formulas and process Autotroph and heterotroph Herbivore, carnivore detritivore Gross Primary Productivity, Net Primary Productivity o Know how to calculate Gross Primary Productivity given the Net Primary Productivity and Respiration o Define the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to energy transfer in ecosystems o What is the 10% rule in energy transfer in ecosystems o Be able to predict how population changes would affect a food chain or a food web C. Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services) o Terms you need to know: mutation, natural selection, gene pool, genetic drift, fitness, speciation, evolutionary divergence o Know the difference between the following: Microevolution and macroevolution Allopatric and sympatric speciation Stabilizing selection, disruptive selection and directional selection o What factors go into determining the biodiversity of an area? o What is genetic diversity? What does it mean for a population to have a high genetic diversity? o How common are beneficial mutations as compared to harmful mutations? o Know how the specificity of an organisms niche relates to its ability to survive environmental changes D. Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession) o Terms you need to know: indigenous species, ecological succession, pioneer species, climax community, habitat fragmentation, stability o Know the difference between the following Primary and secondary succession Top-down control and bottom-up control o Know which types of organisms are the likely pioneer species for each type of ecological succession E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter) o Terms you need to know: reservoir, groundwater, transpiration, respiration, photsynthesis, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification, combustion, eutrophication, nitrate, nitrite o For each of the biogeochemical cycles (hydrologic, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur) know the sinks for each. In what form does it occur in the atmosphere, how is it assimilated into living things, how does it change form in the cycle, how does human intervention affect the cycle?