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Name: _________________________________________________________ Period: ____________ Chapter 27 Introduction to Animals Chapter 27 Section 1: Characteristics of Animals General Features of Animals Number of known animals = Over _________________________ species Common features all animals share: 1. Heterotrophy Animals are ________________________ They _______________ make their own food = Must eat other organisms. 2. Mobility Animals can perform ________________________________________________________. They move by muscle ___________________________ or shortening. What are some ways animals move? 3. Multicellarity Animals have __________________________________________________________. 4. Diploidy Chromosomes are in ________________________. One set from the ____________________ and one set from the _____________________. Advantage = new gene combinations which give rise to variety. 5. Sexual Reproduction Almost all animals reproduce sexually by producing ______________________ (sex cells). Our sex cells or gametes are _____________ (female) and _______________ (male). 6. Absence of cell wall Allows for ___________________________. 7. Blastula formation Fertilized egg develops into a hollow ball of cells with 3 primary tissue layers. 8. Tissues All animals except ________________________ have cells arranged into tissues. Body Symmetry Refers to an animal’s ______________________________________. Asymmetrical – ____________________________ in shape Radial symmetry – body parts arranged around _______________________________________. Bilateral symmetry – body design in which there are distinct ______________________________ o Cephalization – anterior concentration of sensory structures and nerves (brain) Internal Body Cavity Bilaterally symmetric animals have 1 of 3 basic body plans. o Acoelomates have __________________________________________ or coelom. o Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity located between the mesoderm and the endoderm. o Coelomates have a body cavity located entirely ______________________ the mesoderm. Body Segmentation Segmented animals are composed of a series of repeating, similar units called ________________. Ex: earthworm Crustaceans, spiders and insects show some degree of segmentation, but it may be hard to see in the adult stage. _______________________________ (animals with a backbone) do not show segments externally, but there is evidence of segmentation in a vertebrate _____________________. Advantages of segmentation: o Great flexibility and __________________________ o Since each segment repeats many of the organs in the adjacent segment, an injured animal can still perform vital functions. o Offers _________________________________________________ Kinds of Animals Kingdom Animalia (us) o __________ major divisions called phyla (singular: phylum) o A phylogenetic tree visually represents the ______________________________ among various groups of animals based on: __________________________________________ Comparing the anatomy & physiology of animals Comparing _______________ in the genes o The animal kingdom is divided into 2 groups Invertebrates (animals ______________________ a backbone) Vertebrates (animals _________________ a backbone) Chapter 27 Section 2: Animal Body Systems Tissues and Organs Tissues - A group of similar ________________ that work together to perform a specific function. Organ - Two or more types of ________________ working together to perform a specific function. Body Systems Digestion o Single celled organisms and sponges digest their food within their body ______________. o In simpler animals, there is only ___________opening called a gastrovascular cavity. o Animals, such as us, have a digestive tract with ________ openings: a mouth and an anus. This is a ___________________ flow, allowing cells to perform specific functions. Respiration o In simple animals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged directly with the environment by ______________________________. o Larger, more complex animals have specialized respiratory structures (_______________). o Some aquatic (and a few terrestrial) animals breath through __________________. Circulation o In simple animals, their cells are __________________________ to the environment or gastrovascular cavity to obtain oxygen and nourishment. o Two types of circulatory systems: 1. _______________ circulatory system – heart pumps fluids through vessels into a body cavity, bathing the tissues. The fluid collects in open spaces and flows back to the heart. 2. _______________ circulatory system – heart pumps blood through a system of blood vessels Nerve Impulses o Nerve cells (neurons) are specialized for carrying ____________________________ in the form of electrical impulses (conduction). Coordinate the body activities, allowing the animal to _______________________ ________________________. Support o Skeleton Hydrostatic skeleton – consists of ____________________ contained under pressure in a closed cavity. Ex: hydra and earthworms Exoskeleton – rigid ______________________ (outer) skeleton that encases the body of an animal. Ex: insects Endoskeleton – hard material, such as bone, _________________ an animal (us). Excretion o Removal of ______________________ produced by cellular metabolism. Reproduction Asexual – __________________________ involve the fusion (union) of 2 gametes. o Fragmentation – piece of body fragments (breaks off) and the fragment grows into a new organism. o Parthenogenesis – new individual develops from an unfertilized egg (bees). Sexual – new individual is formed from the _________________ of male and female sex cells o Testes produce ________________ gametes (sperm). o Ovaries produce ________________ gametes (eggs or ova) o Hermaphrodites – have _________________ testes and ovaries. But the eggs and sperm are produced at different times, so self-fertilization does not occur. o External fertilization – occurs in most aquatic animals. Sperm and eggs are released near one another in _____________________, where fertilization occurs. o Internal fertilization – the union of sperm and egg occurs ___________________ the female’s body. Chapter 37 Introduction to Body Structure Section 1: Body Organization Levels of Cellular Organization o Human body contains more than 100 trillion cells and more than 100 kinds of cells! o Levels of organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism Four Kinds of Tissues o Epithelial tissue: ______________________ the body and ________________ most body cavities ________________________from dehydration and physical damage o Nervous tissue Nerve cells (neurons) and their supporting cells ______________________________________________ throughout the body o Connective tissue _________________________________________________________ the body Includes fat, cartilage, bone, tendons and blood o Muscle tissue 3 kinds that enable movement of body structures by muscle contraction. 1. Skeletal muscle – voluntary (you consciously control it); moves bones 2. Smooth muscle – involuntary (you cannot consciously control it); lines blood vessels and hollow organs; slow long-lasting contractions 3. Cardiac muscles – involuntary and found in the heart; pumps blood. Stem Cells o _______________________________ stem cells are immortal (divide indefinitely) and have the potential to develop into any type of cell. They offer the possibility of repairing damaged tissue. o ______________________ stem cells are not as versatile and are not immortal (most stop reproducing after fewer than 100 cell divisions). Organ Systems Body organs consist of ________________________________ types of tissues working together to perform a specific function. Organ systems consist of different organs working together to perform a specific function. o Circulatory – ______________________________ nutrients, wastes, hormones & gases o Digestive – _________________________________________ nutrients from food, removes wastes and maintains water and chemical balances. o Endocrine – regulates body temperature, metabolism, development and reproduction, _____________________________________________ and regulates other organ systems. o Excretory – removes ____________________ from blood and regulates the concentration of body fluids. o Immune – ________________________ against pathogens and disease o Integumentary – (______________) – protects against injury, infection and fluid loss and helps regulate body temperature. o Muscular – ____________________ limbs and trunk and substances through the body and provides structure and support. o Nervous – regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems and controls ____________________________________________________ functions. o Reproductive – produces gametes and ___________________________. o Respiratory – moves air into and out of the lungs and controls _______________________ ________________________ between the blood and the lungs. o Skeletal – _______________________________________________ the body and its organs, interacts with skeletal muscles to provide movement, and produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Body Cavities – house and protect major organs Thoracic – contains the ______________________________________ Cranial – contains the _________________________ Abdominal – contains the _____________________ organs (stomach, gall bladder, liver, pancreas) Spinal – down center of back, holds ________________________________________________ Endothermy • Humans are endotherms, like all mammals. • Humans maintain a temperature of 37◦C (_____________◦F) • The human body uses a great deal of ___________________ to maintain a stable internal condition.