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2015 - 2016 - Science 8, Chapters 1, 13-19 Mid Term Study Guide Chapter 1 1) What is a hypothesis? An educated guess 2) What is a dependent variable? The variable being measured 3) What is an independent variable? The variable that the researcher changes in an experiment 4) What is an experimental control? The standard by which your results can be compared 5) What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law? Scientific law describes what will happen, but does not explain why Scientific theory is an explanation or model backed by results obtained from many tests or experiments 6) What are ethics? Moral values about what is right and wrong. 7) What are constants? Variables that are identical between the control and the experimental group 8) What is a barometer? An anemometer? Barometer – An instrument that measures air pressure Anemometer – used to measure wind speed 9) What is science? A system for gaining knowledge 10) What is a thermometer? A hygrometer? Thermometer – used to measure temperature Hygrometer – used to measure water vapor in the air 11) What should conclusions to a scientific experiment be based on? Precise measurements and tests 12) Which variable does the researcher intentionally change in a scientific experiment? Independent variable Chapter 15 13) What is radiation? transfer of energy in the form of rays or waves 14) What is convection? transfer of heat by the flow of a heated material 15) Where is atmospheric pressure the greatest? greatest near Earth's surface 16) What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases? greatest near Earth's surface and decreases as you move upward away from sea level. 17) What happens to the number of molecules in the air as the altitude increases? There are fewer molecules of air at high elevations, so air pressure is less. 18) What is the source of all energy in the atmosphere? The sun 19) What is conduction? transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another 20) What layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth? Troposphere 21) Which layer of the atmosphere blends into outer space? Exosphere 22) Which winds are responsible for the movement of much of the weather across the US and Canada? prevailing westerlies 23) What causes a sea breeze? A land breeze? the land heats and cools more quickly than the water 24) How are weather and climate different? Weather happens on a daily basis, climate is weather that is averaged over a long period of time. 25) What prevents some solar radiation from reaching the Earth? Reflection and absorption by the atmosphere 26) Which layer of the atmosphere contains the highest concentration of ozone? stratosphere 27) What causes the Coriolis effect? the Earth's rotation 28) How does the ozone layer protect the Earth? Keeps us from being exposed to high concentrations of ultraviolet radiation Chapter 16 29) What is an air mass and what can they cause? a large body of air that has the same properties as the Earth's surface over which it develops. 30) What is relative humidity? a measure of the amount of water vapor that air is holding compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature. 31) How does precipitation form? water droplets in a cloud combine, become too heavy, and fall to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, 32) What is a front? boundary between cold and warm air masses, or air masses of different temperatures 33) How are dew point and saturation related? When air contains as much moisture as possible at a specific temperature, it is BOTH saturated and at its dew point 34) What is dew point? When air contains as much moisture as possible at a specific temperature and is saturated. Saturation and dew point occur together! 35) What does it mean when something is saturated? When air contains as much moisture as possible 36) Describe cirrus clouds. High, thin, white, feathery clouds containing ice crystals are usually associated with fair weather, but they can also indicate approaching storms 37) Describe cumulus clouds. Masses of puffy, white clouds, often with flat bases, that form when air currents rise 38) Describe stratus clouds. Low, layered gray clouds that produce light precipitation 39) What does a meteorologist do? studies and forecasts the weather using data gathered from many sources 40) What is a dew point and why do we see evidence of it early in the morning? See above air near the ground cools to its dew point as the sun goes down and the temperatures drop 41) The interaction of what three things causes weather? Air, water, and the Sun 42) What will you usually find in areas of low pressure? cloudy weather. 43) Why do high pressure areas usually have good weather? the air masses sink, making it difficult for clouds to form Chapter 17 44) What are three major influences on climate? large bodies of water, ocean currents, large cities 45) What causes seasons? Seasons are caused by differences in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns due to the tilt of the Earth as it revolves around the sun 46) Where does El Niño begin? tropical Pacific Ocean 47) What three things are used to divide regions in a climate classification system? the types of plants found there, temperature, amount of precipitation 48) What are structural and behavioral adaptations? Name several of each type. Hibernation in the winter, estivation in the summer, migration, and hiding under logs to get out of the sun are behavioral adaptations. Structural adaptations are growing fur, cactus needles, or having the ability to change colors for camouflage are structural adaptations. 49) How many times in the past have glaciers covered large areas of Earth? at times (more than once) in the past 2 million years, glaciers covered large parts of the Earth 50) How often does the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the sun change? Earth’s orbit is an ellipse, an elongated closed curve, so the distance between the sun and the Earth sometimes changes. 51) What are the major gasses that cause the greenhouse effect? Carbon Dioxide is the major greenhouse gas 52) How is Earth’s atmosphere warmed by the greenhouse effect? Earth's atmosphere is warmed by the greenhouse effect because heat radiated from Earth's surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere. 53) Where do the rays of the sun strike the Earth the most directly? at the equator 54) What is the difference between hibernation and estivation? Hibernation is a behavioral adaptation in which animals undergo a period of greatly reduced activity in winter. Estivation occurs in the summer when the heat is too high. 55) What zone on the Earth receives the most solar radiation? the tropics Chapter 18 56) What happens to wave height as a wave approaches shallow water? It increases 57) What effect does the alignment of the Sun-Earth-Moon have on tidal range? When the sun, Earth, and moon are in a straight line the tidal range is the highest. The Spring tides have the lowest low tides and the highest high tides 58) When is the tidal range the smallest? ? When the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a 90° angle When is the tidal range the largest? When the Moon, Earth, and Sun are in line 59) What are Spring Tides? When the Moon, Earth, and Sun are in line Neap Tides? When the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a 90° angle What causes each? Gravitational pull of the moon and sun 60) What causes surface currents? winds 61) What causes water to move when wind blows across it? When the wind blows across a body of water, friction between the water and air causes the water to move. 62) What is wavelength? Wavelength is the horizontal distance between adjacent wave parts ( crests or troughs) 63) What is a wave trough? The lowest point on a wave 64) What is a wave crest? The highest point of the wave 65) What is wave amplitude? Half the distance of the height of a wave 66) How did the oceans form? When precipitation filled low areas on Earth called basins 67) What is a basin? low area on Earth in which an ocean formed when the area filled with water from torrential rains 68) What feature of a wave moves forward? Energy only 69) How does the salinity of the oceans remain balanced? Because substances are constantly being added and substances are constantly being used by plants and animals. 70) Where does the North Atlantic Deep Water form? Cold, dense water around Norway, Greenland and Labrador 71) How does wave amplitude correspond to the amount of energy the wave carries? If the wave’s amplitude increases, the amount of energy it carries also increases 72) What is a tide and how are they formed? A tide is the rise and fall in sea level, it is a giant wave produced by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon. 73) What is a tidal range and how is it calculated? The tidal range is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and the level of the ocean at low tide. It is calculated by subtracting the low tide from the high tide. 74) What is a density current and how are they formed? A density current forms when a mass of seawater becomes more dense than the surrounding water. Gravity causes the denser water to sink beneath the less dense water. 75) How do the water particles in a wave move? Water particles in a wave move in a circle, returning to their original positions, only the energy moves forward. Chapter 19 76) Where, and how fast, is new ocean floor being formed? About 2.5 cm per year along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 77) What is chemosynthesis and where does it take place? Takes place near mid-ocean ridges and is using chemicals to produce energy 78) How are trenches formed? Formed when one crustal plate is forced under another 79) Explain the difference between plankton, benthos, and nekton. Plankton depend on surface currents to move them Benthos live on or in the seafloor Nekton – animals that actively swim in the ocean 80) List several examples of plankton, benthos, and nekton. Plankton – Diatoms, jellyfish Benthos – crabs, snails, sea urchins Nekton – Manatees, whales 81) What is the largest source of oil pollution in the ocean? Runoff from land 82) What ocean feature lies next to the continental shelf? Continental slope 83) What is an ocean rift? A crack in the sea floor What do we usually see there? Lava erupts through rifts 84) What are placer deposits and where would you find them? Deposits found in areas where rivers enter oceans 85) How do plants make energy? What are the raw materials and the products? Plants make energy by using carbon dioxide, nutrients in the water and sunlight 86) What are the two major ways that oxygen enters ocean water? Plant photosynthesis and from the atmosphere 87) Describe an abyssal plain and how it is formed. abyssal plains are flat seafloor areas formed when deposits filled in valleys on the seafloor, they are from 4 to 6,000 meters below the surface 88) Describe a continental shelf and what kinds of organisms you would find there. The continental shelf is the gradually sloping end of the continent that extends under the ocean surface. The continental shelves contain the largest number of mineral resources as well as diverse life forms 89) Describe a continental slope. The continental slope extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf down to the ocean floor. Chapter 14 90) What is used to divide geologic time into units? Geologic time is divided into units based upon the appearance and disappearance of types of organisms. 91) What is the term for the longest subdivision of geologic time? Eons are the longest and are based upon the abundance of certain types of fossils 92) What is the term for the shortest subdivision of geologic time? Epochs are characterized by differences in life forms but the differences may be found on different continents. 93) Describe how changes in the environment can result in physical changes in a species. Environmental changes can affect an organism’s survival. Those that can adapt to changing conditions through organic evolution survive. Those that are not adapted to changing environments are less likely to reproduce and do not survive. 94) What things factored into the development of complex organisms from single celled organisms? Stromatolytes are layered mats of cyanobacteria. About 3.5 million years ago cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis. Some of the oxygen was converted to ozone and formed a protective layer around earth. This protective layer shielded the Earth from UV radiation and allowed more complex organisms 95) When did Homo Sapiens first appear? 140,000 years ago during the Cenozoic Era 96) What trilobite characteristic did not change over time? 3 lobes 97) How does plate tectonics affect organic evolution? As continents move, the seas became shallower or deeper, mountains formed, and continents drifted to new environments. All of these made conditions that organisms had to adapt to. 98) What change in amphibian ancestors allowed reptiles to evolve? They developed an egg with a membrane or a harder shell that kept the eggs from drying out if they were not in the water. 99) What does a species need to do to adapt to a changing environment? evolve 100) What will happen if a species doesn’t evolve during a changing environment? die or become extinct 101) During which era do scientists think dinosaurs evolved from reptiles? Mesozoic 102) During which era did humans first appear? Cenozoic 103) During which era did dinosaurs rule? Mesozoic 104) What era are we currently in? How long ago did it begin? Cenozoic, it began 65 million years ago after a great extinction at the end of the Mesozoic Era 105) What is natural selection? Natural selection is a theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that organisms with characteristics that are suited to a certain environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than those that don’t have that characteristic. Chapter 13 106) What types of things, or conditions, help to preserve things as a fossil? If the organism is buried quickly to protect it from scavengers and agents of physical destruction (waves etc) and if it has hard parts. 107) What is a gap in a rock layer, or sequence, called? What does it indicate? Unconformities are formed when agents of erosion, like running water or glaciers, remove rock layers by washing or scraping them away. 108) What procedure can be used to determine the absolute age of an object? Geologists determine the absolute age by using properties of the atoms that make up the materials. One of these processes, Radiometric Dating, used radioactive decay. 109) What is the difference between absolute and relative age? Absolute age is an age in years, relative age is a comparison to the ages of other things. 110) What is the Principle of Superposition? Why is it important? The Principle of Superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the surface. This principle is used to determine relative age. 111) What do rock layers have in common if they are correlated? Rock layers are usually correlated by finding the same types and ages of fossils. 112) How can fossil types help determine if layers of rock are from one continuous deposit? If they have similar layers and have the same types and ages of fossils they can be correlated. 113) What is relative dating? relative age is a comparison to the ages of other things and can be found by using the principle of superposition 114) What is absolute dating? Absolute age is an age in years and can be found by using radiometric dating.