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Key Terms – Water on Earth water vapor – The invisible, gaseous form of water groundwater – Water that fills the cracks and pores in underground soil and rock layers water cycle – The continuous process by which water moves from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back, passing through the living and nonliving parts of the environment. evaporation – The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid, such as water, absorb enough energy to change to a gaseous state, such as water vapor. transpiration – The process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves precipitation – Forms of water such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail that fall from clouds and reach Earth’s surface irrigation – The process of supplying water in areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops aquifer – An underground layer of rock or soil that holds water wave – The movement of energy through a body of water crest – The highest point of a wave wavelength – The horizontal distance between two wave crests frequency – The number of waves that pass a specific point in a given amount of time. trough – The lowest point of a wave wave height – The vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough tides – The daily rise and fall of Earth’s waters on shores spring tide – A tide with the greatest difference between high and low tide that occurs when the sun and the moon are aligned in a line with Earth neap tide – A tide with the least difference between low and high tide that occurs when the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other. continental shelf – A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent continental slope – An incline leading down from the edge of the continental shelf. mid ocean ridge – The undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary. trench – A deep canyon in the ocean floor estuary – A coastal inlet or bay where fresh water mixes with salty ocean water