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Must draw a flow chart without fail
B. Rajendra
Subject Expert,
Hyderabad
UNIT-I Chapter 7, 8 &14
The next in the preparation for
second year is chapters 7,8 and 14th.
Only Bacteria (chapter 7) and Virus
(chapter 8) are included in a single
Unit-Microbiology. These two are
very simple chapters. Different uses
of microorganisms are included in altogether a different Unit under chapter 'Microbes in Human Welfare'. It
cannot be separated from Microbiology. In 14th chapter uses of fungi are
also given in addition to Bacteria and
Viruses. This might be the reason for
separating Uses of Microorganisms
as a separate chapter. It is convenient
to club these three chapters and study
at a stretch. In IPE, these chapters
will not be clubbed for deciding the
weightage.
The chapter on Bacteria is almost
a repetition of information given elsewhere in second year and first year.
In first year 9th chapter structure of
bacteria is given under prokaryotic
cell. In addition to that only little information is added here. Explanation
is given on sexual reproduction and
nutrient of bacteria in second year. In
the 8th chapter morphology and mode of multiplication of Viruses is explained. Two diagrammatic questions
are possible from this chapter. Method of multiplication is important for
genetic studies also. In 14th chapter
uses of fungus, bacteria, viruses and
blue green algae are also given. As
fungus and blue green algae cannot
be included in bacteria, uses of these
organisms are given in a separate
chapter. Uses of fungi in bread making, ethyl alcohol, penicillin and beverages production and as a bio-control agent is discussed. Students have to remember the name of the organism and its use for VSAQs. Elaborate explanation is given for Biogas
production in villages and sewage
treatment in towns. Compared to 7th
& 8th chapters 14th chapter is more
important for examination point of
view as a wide range of aspects like
food, pharmaceutical and agricultural uses are discussed.
For IPE both 7th and 8th chapters
together 6 marks weightage is given.
All SAQs are important in this
chapter. No LAQ is possible from
microbiology. Answering a question
on multiplication of viruses takes
longer time. Diagrammatic questions
like structures of T4 phage and TMV
and classification of bacteria on the
basis of flagella are very easy. For
IPE chapter 14 is important. One
LAQSewage
Treatment
is
important. It will be like general
essay, with no microbe names as
examples. But student must draw a
flow chart without fail. For SAQ on
biogas production diagram is essential. For a question on bio-fertilizers a
sentence must be added on the respiratory status of the microbes.
For the EAMCET point of view
one question form each chapter may
be given from these chapters. All examples of organisms are important.
These are knowledge based questions. Student has to by heart carefully.
'Match the following' type question
are possible from bacteria and microbes. Some statements are possible
from virus multiplication and sewage
treatment. Without confusion these
questions can be answered. Sometimes question can be clubbed with
similar first year chapters.
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Sr. Inter
Botany
Botany
Important SAQs for IPE
1. How are bacteria classified on
the basis of morphology?
2. How are bacteria classified on
the basis of number and distribution of flagella?
3. Explain the conjugation in
bacteria.
4. Explain the structure of TMV.
5. Explain the structure of T-even
bacteriophages.
6. Explain the lytic cycle with reference to certain viruses.
7. What is chemical nature of biogas? Explain the process of biogas production.
8. What are biofertilizers? Write a
brief note on them.
For all these answers diagrams
are necessary. Answers may be brief
but labeled diagrams are must.
Important information
for EAMCET
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Ehrenberg coined the term Bacteria.
Robert Koch with his three proposals established germ theory of
diseases. Viral diseases do not follow his postulations.
Acetobacter is a pleomorphic
bacteria.
'Spirochaetes' are flexible spiral
bacteria.
Bacteria can exist in colonies. Eg
Staphylocci, Strptobacillus.
Number and arrangement of flagella is a criterion for classification.
They may be Monotrichous-single flagella, Amphitrichous-single at both ends, Lophotrichous-
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LAQ for IPE
1. Write a brief essay on microbes
in sewage treatment.
Only one question is listed for
IPE from the 14th chapter. For this
question a flow chart must be drawn.
Answer should be written with subheadings. If it is given, it can be
attempted to save time for other
questions.
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tuft of flagella at one end.
Bacterial chromosome or DNA is
also called as 'genophore'.
Plasmids are self replicating, extra chromosomal, circular small
DNA.
Plasmids confer traits like resistance to drugs, antibiotics; Production of toxins and enzymes.
Presence or absence of plasmid
does not harm the bacterial cell.
Depending on utilization of gaseous CO2 bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Autotrophic bacteria utilize gaseous CO2.
For Carbon reduction energy
may obtained from light or oxidation of chemicals.
Light is used in phototrophic
bacteria and chemicals are used
in heterotrophic bacteria.
On the basis of this bacteria can
be Photoautotroph- that utilizes
light energy and gaseous CO2.
Eg: Chromatium,Chlorobium
Photoheterotrophic utilizes energy from light but carbon is derived from organic sources.
Eg: Rhodopseudomonas,
Rhodospirillum.
Chemoautotrophic bacteria utilizes neither sunlight nor organic
nutrients. Energy will be obtained
from oxidation of inorganic nutrients.
Eg: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter,
Beggiatoa, Methanogens.
Saprophytes, Parasites, Symbionts come under Chemoheterotrophs.
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a
predator on other bacteria. Presence of this bacteria in river Ganges makes it bacteria free.
Bacteria can undergo conjugation. Transfer of genetic material
is through sex pili.
A copy of plasmid is donated. A
donor (F+) retains the plasmid
but a recipient gains the plasmid.
If 200 donor bacteria undergo conjugation with 100 recipients, after conjugation the 100 recipients
become donors by gaining a plasmid and the total donors now will
be 300.
Transformation is transfer of
DNA fragment from one bacterium to the other through medium.
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Transformation is discovered by
Griffith but explanation is given
by Avery.
Transduction is transfer of DNA
through a vector (Bacteriophage).
Syphilis disease is caused by
Treponema pallidum.
DNA components from bacteria
can be used as Biosensors to detect biologically active toxic
pollutants.
Dimitri Iwanowski discovered
viruses in Tobacco Mosaic disease and found them filterable
through bacteria filters and called
them 'filterable agents'.
Beijerink called them 'contagious
living fluid'.(contagium vivum
fluidum)
Stanley crystallized the virus and
Fraenkel Conrat RNA is genetic
material in TMV.
Classification of viruses have
only three hierarchical levelsFamily ,Genus- Species.
HIV belongs to Family Retroviridae and Genus Lentivirus.
Chemically viruses are proteins
enclosing nucleic acids.
Shape of Herpes simplex and Polio viruses is Polyhedral. In Bacteriophage protein coat (capsid)
consisting of 2,130 sub-units.
Multiplication of viruses is by
two methods- Lytic and Lysogenic infections.
Eclipse period is period of time
between infection and appearance of viruses.
In Lysogenic cycle the Phage
DNA integrates with host DNA
and is called prophage.
Use of bacteria as food supplement for therapeutic purposes is
called Probiotics. Eg: Curd.
I all alcoholic beverages, Yeast is
used as microorganism.
Wine and beer are not distilled
beverages.
Bread baking cheese manufacturing uses microorganisms.
Large gaps in 'Swiss cheese' is
due to release of CO2 by Propionibacterium sharmanii.
Potential of antibiotic penicillin
is established by Ernest Chain
and Howard Florey.
Cyclosporin-A, an immunosuppressive drug is produced by Fungus Trichoderma polysporum
(Deuteromycetes). It is also used
in biocontrol of soil pathogenas.
Yeast Monascus purpureus produces an active agent (statins) that can reduce blood-cholesterol
levels.
In secondary stage of sewage treatment fungi and bacteria are
used.
In biogas production methanogens are used.
Bacillus thuringiensis is used as
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a vector in transferring DNA into
plants.
Many viruses are being used as
bio-control agents.
Biofertilizers like Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria are blue green
algae.
Azospirillum, Azotobacter are
free living bacteria.
Glomus forms Mycorrhiza with
many crop plants. It absorbs more phosphates from soil.
AP EAMCET 2015
1. Match the following
List- I
List-II
A) HIV
I) Ghost
B) Pilus
II) Prophage
C) Virus penetration
III) Retroviridae
D) Lysogeny IV) Donor
V) Polyhedral virus
A
B
C
D
1) I
II
III
IV
2) V
IV
III
II
3) V
III
II
I
4) III
IV
I
II
2. Match the following
List A
A) Statins
B) Cyclosporin-A
C) Streptokinase
D) Lipases
List B
I) Remove the clots in blood
vessels
II) Competitive inhibitor of cholesterol synthesizing enzymes
III) Immuno suppresant
IV) Soap industry to remove oil
stains
A
B
C
D
1) II
III
I
IV
2) IV
II
III
I
3) III
II
IV
I
4) IV
I
III
II
3. Match the following
List I
A) Fermenting malted cereals
and fruit juices
B) Production of large holes in
Swiss cheese
C) Myocardial infection
D) Biogas
List II
I) Clots in the blood vessels
II) Digestion of sludge by bacteria and fungi resulting in emission of methane and other
gases.
III) Production of ethanol
IV) Blood cholesterol lowering
agent
V) Production of large amount
of CO2
A
B
C
D
1) III
V
IV
II
2) I
II
III
IV
3) III
V
I
II
4) V
IV
III
II
Answers
1) 4;
2) 1;
3) 3.