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The Cardiovascular System 1 Organization of the Cardiovascular System: Circuits Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Carries blood to & Carries blood to & from the lungs from the body Right side of heart → Left side of heart → pumps blood to lungs pumps blood to body Blood alternates between pulmonary circuit & systemic circuit 2 Location of the Heart Muscular organ ~ size of fist Thoracic cavity Apex → points toward left side of body Base → points toward right shoulder Medial to R/L lungs 3 Major Functions of the Heart • keeps oxygen poor blood separate from oxygen rich blood • keeps blood flowing in one direction • generates blood pressure • moves blood throughout body • serves as an endocrine gland (ANP/ANH → BP regulation) 4 Layers of Heart Wall Endocardium – innermost layer → simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) Myocardium – thickest layer → cardiac muscle Epicardium – outermost layer → also part of the pericardium epicardium myocardium (heart wall) endocardium heart chamber 5 Pericardium Fibrous pericardium – outermost layer • anchors & protects heart Serous pericardium – 2 layers • parietal layer “heart” pericardium • visceral layer = epicardium Pericardial cavity – fluid reduces friction fibrous pericardium serous pericardium parietal layer pericardial cavity visceral layer (epicardium) 66 Chambers of the Heart Four Chambers • Two Atria → superior • divided by interatrial septum • receiving chambers • Two Ventricles → inferior • divided by interventricular L A R A septum • pump blood out of heart R V L V interventricular septum 7 Valves of the Heart Four Valves → ensure 1-way flow of blood • Two Atrioventricular Valves • separate atria from ventricles • Two Semilunar Valves • separate ventricles from major arteries Which valves are the AV valves? SL valves? 8 Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular Valves 1) Right AV valve (tricuspid valve) 2) Left AV valve (bicuspid, mitral valve) Semilunar Valves 3 3) Pulmonary SL valve 4) Aortic SL valve 4 2 1 2 1 4 3 9 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart Chambers & Valves R atrium 1 L atrium R (AV) valve L (AV) valve R ventricle L ventricle 3 3 2 2 Pulmonary SL valve Aortic SL valve lungs body 4 4 1 (pulmonary circuit) (systemic circuit) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636 10 Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit 11 Heart Sounds Heart sounds (“lub-dup”) • 1st sound - AV valves closing (louder/stronger sound) • 2nd sound - SL valves closing (shorter/sharper sound) • Can distinguish sounds of 4 valves Heart murmurs • ineffective, “leaky” valves • allows backflow of blood • clicking/swishing sound 12 Great Vessels of the Heart Aorta Superior Vena Cava Arteries Pulmonary trunk • Pulmonary trunk • carries O2 poor blood to lungs • Aorta • carries O2 rich blood to body Pulmonary Veins Veins • Superior/Inferior Vena Cavae • carry O2 poor blood to heart • Pulmonary veins • carry O2 rich blood to heart Inferior Vena Cava Why is the pulmonary trunk an artery? Why is it blue? 13 Pathway of Blood Right atrium → tricuspid 1 valve → right ventricle 3 Right ventricle → pulmonary2semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs 4 Lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium 5 Left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle 6 Left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta 7 Aorta → systemic circulation 14 15 Group question: Why is the left ventricle larger than the right ventricle? 16