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LAB #1:
HISTOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I & II
PART A: EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces,
line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of
functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, and diffusion.
The cells in epithelial tissue are tightly packed together with very little intercellular matrix. Because the
tissues form coverings and linings, the cells have one free surface that is not in contact with other cells.
Opposite the free surface, the cells are attached to underlying connective tissue by a non-cellular
basement membrane. This membrane is a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins secreted by the
epithelial and connective tissue cells.
Directions: For each type of epithelial tissue, draw & label (isolated cells and whole tissue) in the boxed areas.
1. Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue
a. Name 2 locations in the body this tissue
would be found:
SKETCH OF TISSUE
*LABEL: NUCLEI*
b. How does this tissue differ in structure from other epithelial tissues? What function(s)
does it serve because of it?
2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Where (name 2) in the body would this be found?
*LABEL: NUCLEI & BASEMENT MEMBRANE*
b. Why is the name, “simple cuboidal” appropriate for this tissue?
3. Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Where (name 2) would this tissue be found in the body?
*LABEL: GOBLET CELLS*
b. What cell feature or membrane modification is often found in or on this tissue? What function
does it serve?
4. Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Name 2 areas of the body this tissue can be found:
b. How does this tissue differ from simple squamous in form AND function?
5. (Stratified) Transitional Epithelial Tissue
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. How does it differ structurally from other stratified tissue?
b. How does its structure fit its function? And thus, where in the body is this tissue located?
PART B: CONNECTIVE TISSUE
This is the most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body. Its function is primarily to bind,
support, anchor and connect various parts of the body. Although connective tissue exists in a number of forms,
all types have three basic structural elements -- cells, fibers and intercellular substance. The specific identity of all
three components varies changing the particular nature and function of the tissue. The non-living intercellular
material is called the matrix and is composed of the intercellular substance plus the fibres.
1. Areolar Tissue
The fibers of areolar connective tissue are arranged in no particular pattern but run
in all directions and form a loose network in the intercellular material. Collagen fibers
are predominant. They usually appear as broad pink bands. Some elastic fibers,
apparent as thin, dark fibers, are also present The majority of the cellular elements
(i.e. fibroblasts, macrophages, leucocytes, etc.) are difficult to distinguish in areolar
connective tissue. One cell type, the mast cell, has course, dark-staining granules in
the cytoplasm.
a. Describe the appearance of this tissue:
SKETCH OF TISSUE
b. What function does it serve in the body?
c. What locations (name 2) is it found in the body?
*LABEL: CELLS & FIBERS*
2. Adipose Tissue
These adipose (or fat) cells are characterized by a large internal fat droplet which
distends the cell so that the cytoplasm is reduced to a thin layer and the nucleus is
displaced to the edge of the cell. These cells may appear singly but are more often present
in groups.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Describe its appearance:
b. What function(s) does it serve?
*LABEL: NUCLEUS*
c. Where (name 2) would it be located in the body?
3. Cartilage Tissue
Cartilage is somewhat elastic, pliable, compact type of connective
tissue. Most of the skeleton of the mammalian fetus is composed of
cartilage. As the fetus ages, the cartilage is gradually replaced by
more supportive bone.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Describe the matrix of this tissue:
b. Where in the ADULT human would this be located?
*LABEL: Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)*
4. Bone
Bone is a connective tissue in which the intercellular components are particularly abundant and are
organized in a manner, which endows this tissue with great tensile strength and resistance to
compression. Despite its great strength and hardness, bone is a dynamic living tissue, which is
constantly being renewed and reconstructed throughout life. Bone may be described as compact or
spongy depending on its morphological appearance.
The basic functional unit of compact bone is the Haversian system (shown below). They consist of
bone (cells) that has been deposited in concentric rings around a Haversian canal that is occupied by
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
LABEL: Haversian System & Bone Cells
a. What is the scientific name for the bone cells? _____________________
b. How is the matrix of bone different from cartilage?
5. Blood
Blood is considered a connective tissue for two basic reasons: (1) embryologically, it has
the same origin as do the other connective tissue types and (2) blood connects the body
systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling
molecules, and removing the wastes.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Name the 3 types of cells in blood AND describe their functions:
b. What is the liquid matrix of blood called? ________________
PART C: MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle cells are highly specialized for contraction. Such contraction may result in the movement of the
whole body or a portion of it if the muscles are attached to a movable part of the skeleton. If the muscle is
located in the wall of a hollow organ, its contraction may cause the contents of the organ to move, e.g.
peristaltic movement of material through the digestive tract. Next, 3 types of muscle tissue that have
been distinguished on the basis of structural, functional & location differences are:
1. Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
Skeletal muscles form the "flesh"; sometimes referred to as the "red meat" of an animal's body. As their
contraction is under conscious control, they are also called voluntary muscles.
A typical skeletal muscle cell is a highly modified, giant, multi-nucleate cell. Each elongate fiber is
cylindrical in shape with blunt, rounded ends. The "cross-striped" (striated) appearance of light and dark
banding results from the arrangement of myofibrils, protein contractile units, called sarcomeres are
embedded in the muscle tissue.
* Examine & locate an area on the slide showing a longitudinal view of
parallel skeletal muscle fibers (ie. muscle fibers do NOT join). Note the
position of the nuclei and the prominent, regular cross-striations:
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. What is the function skeletal muscle?
b. Where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle located?
2. Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is abundant throughout the internal organs of the
body especially in regions such as the digestive tract. As its
contraction is not under conscious nervous control, it is referred to as
involuntary muscle.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Describe the structure/shape of the smooth muscle fibers
(as compared to skeletal muscle):
b. Where is the nucleus in the smooth muscle (as compared to
skeletal muscle)?
3. Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac fibers tend to form long chains of cells which branch and
intertwine. The junction of one cell with another in a particular chain is
known as an intercalated disc and appears as a heavy dark line running
across the fiber.
SKETCH OF TISSUE
a. Where is the only place cardiac tissue is located in the body?
b. Name 1 similarity AND 1 difference between cardiac muscle &
smooth muscle.
*LABEL: INTERCALATED DISCS
PART D: NERVOUS TISSUE
The major structural and functional "unit" of nervous tissue is the nerve cell or neuron. Each neuron is
composed of a cell body containing a nucleus and one or more long cytoplasmic extensions known as
fibres. Highly branched fibers, called dendrites, bring impulses toward the cell body, while a single,
unbranched fiber, the axon, carries information away from the cell body. The overall length of a neuron,
including dendrites, cell body and axon, may vary from less than two centimeters to a meter or more.
a. DRAW a nerve cell (neuron) and LABEL the: axon, dendrites, cell body w/nucleus AND
using an arrow, show the direction of nerve conduction along the neuron.
b. What 3 places in the body is nervous tissue concentrated the most?
c. How is nervous tissue different functionally from other types of tissue?
SKETCH OF TISSUE
Examine a slide of multi-polar neurons or a
cross-section of a spinal cord or brain. The large
cell bodies of the neurons should be evident.
The dendrites and axon of a particular neuron
are only apparent at their junction with the
cell body.
POST-LAB REVIEW -- Histology
Anatomy/Physiology
Name _______________________
Date _____________ Period _____
Diagrams. Identify the specific name of the TISSUE on each histology slide photo:
1. __________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
6. __________________________
Matching. Choose type of tissue that is related to each structure; choices may be used more than once or not at all !
_____ 7. urinary bladder
_____ 8. brain
_____ 9. heart
_____ 10. alveoli (lungs)
_____ 11. goblet cells
_____ 12. intercalated discs
_____ 13. dendrites
_____ 14. chondrocytes
a. connective
b. epithelial
c. muscle
d. nervous
15-20. With respect to the 3 types of muscle, complete the following table. Included are similarities and
differences in structure, function and location.
Characteristic
Visible Striations (present/absent)
Do the cells branch? (Y/N)
Position of the nucleus (side/center)
# of nuclei per fiber (multiple/one)
Location in body (be specific)
Voluntary/Involuntary (vol/invol)
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle