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Definition: Hypertrophy: Enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body due to the increased size of the constituent cells. Hypertrophy occurs in the biceps and heart because of increased work. Cardiachypertrophy is recognizable microscopically by the increased size of the cells. Dilatation: The process of enlargement or expansion. The word "dilation" means the same thing as "dilatation". Both come from the Latin "dilatare" meaning "to enlarge or expand." Characterized by increased ventricular volumes without a proportionate increase in ventricular wall thickness Mitral Valve Stenosis results in: Incomplete emptying of Left Atrium (LA) Increased LA pressure LA dilatation and hypertrophy Increased LA pressureElevated pulmonary pressurepulmonary congestion ***sparing effect on left ventricle Mitral Valve Regurgitation (insufficiency): - inadequate closure of mitral valve Acute Onset (e.g. papillary dysfunction due to M.I.) Backward flow from left ventricle to left atria increased LA pressure Increased Pulmonary Pressure Pulmonary Edema Chronic Onset Backward flow LA dilates (progressively) and hypertrophies (mildly) Increased pulmonary pressures pulmonary congestion right sided failure ***in chronic mitral valve regurgitation, volume overload on the left ventricle, the left atrium and the pulmonary bed is created by the backward flow of blood from LV to LA during ventricular systole resulting in various degrees of left atrial enlargement and left ventricular dilatation (to accommodate for regurgitant volume) Aortic Valve Stenosis: Results in obstruction of flow from LV to aorta during systole Effect is left ventricular hypertrophy and increased myocardial oxygen consumption because of increased myocardial mass Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Retrograde blood flow from ascending aorta to left ventricle Elevated LV pressures LV dilatation and hypertrophy