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1900-1920 Changes Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition) WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” 1890s 1901 1917 1920s WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class whites: managers & professionals; women, African Americans WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization (big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration (ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism) WHAT are their goals? Democracy – government accountable to the people Regulation of corporations & monopolies Social justice – workers, poor, minorities Environmental protection HOW? Government (laws, regulations, programs) Efficiency value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution Writers, muckrakers expose issues “Muckrakers” Coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens US journalist whose exposed the abuses of industrial monopoly of Rockefeller The Story of a Great Monopoly 1881 Alerted the public to the need for antitrust legislation and served as a model for the new genre of muckraking journalism American newspaper reporter, social reformer and photographer How the Other Half Lives 1890 Shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum tenement conditions in New York City McClure’s magazine journalist was an investigative reporting pioneer; Tarbell exposed unfair practices of the Standard Oil Company, leading to a U.S. Supreme Court decision to break its monopoly. The History of Standard Oil Co. 1904 Journalist, lecturer and political philosopher Shame of Our Cities 1904 Revealed the shortcomings of the popular dogmas that connected economic success with moral worth, and national progress with individual self - interest Clergyman, Protestant, organizer and leader of the Social Gospel Anti-immigrant Called for ending social injustice Supported all races Women’s rights Christianity could help stop the evils brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its Present Crisis American progress has problems American philosopher and educator who as a founder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism Pragmatism The usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies and proposals are the criteria of their merit Action/experience over fixed doctrine, Leader of education in the United States American inventor and engineer who is known as the father of scientific management. His development of this system has influenced the evolution of modern industry Cut down on wasted time and motion and heavily impacted the development of mass – production techniques (time, money, efficiency) Also known as Taylorism In Taylor’s view, the task of the factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job Provide the proper tools/training and to provide incentives for good performance Timed workers with a stopwatch to determine which job and motions were essential Workers become FAR more productive when following a machinelike routine American Philosopher and psychologist First educator to offer psychology course in the U.S. His work will influence social groups who have been oppressed American novelist who was famous for his practice of naturalism The adaptation of science to literature and art Wrote unflinching presentations of real – life subject matter 1900 Book: Sister Carrie, idea that even if you make it to the top, you might still be naturally miserable (poor-rich) His novels exposed the social problems that had arisen in a rapidly industrializing America Invented an improved oil pumping mechanism Introduced a host of employee benefits Eight hour working day Profit sharing Paid vacations Minimum wage Christmas bonuses Recreational facilities His guide in dealing with employees was known as the “Golden Rule” Kindergarten (German idea) prep students for public school 1880s 1880’s mandatory state laws coming into place Must attend year to year education Junior high and senior high created Currently we have Kindergarten-12th grade Teacher training schools Build teachers to teach curriculum Methods: Teach reading writing and arithmetic 1865 England William Booth (minister to general) and wife Catherine Mission to take care of the poor, homeless, hungry and destitute Through violence and protest, his message about Christianity and helping the poor spread Women and men helped 1880s reached America Anti-alcohol/saloons (The New-York Historical Society) 1901-1908 Republican President Energy and excitement Spanish-American War President McKinley assassinated 1901 and Roosevelt took over and elected in 1904. 1912 Progressive Party “Bull Moose Party” & assassination attempt/speech 1902 Anthracite Coal Miners Strike “Square Deal” Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900 Anthracite Coal Strike in PA over pay, working conditions and hours. Roosevelt acted as mediator between Union and Anthracite Coal Co. First time that a president had intervened publicly, at least implicitly, on the side of the workers Wanted a “Square Deal” between businesses and workers (remember Roosevelt’s square teeth S.M. quote) big business would not exploit/take advantage of workers and workers would gain protection Helped create the Department of Labor under President Taft in 1913 Theodore Roosevelt Active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare or the underprivileged Called for an increase of federal power to regulate interstate industry and a sweeping program of social reform designed to put human rights above property rights Essentially, was a reauthorization of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Imposed heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates and upon shippers who accepted those rebates Northern Securities Company (1904) “good trusts” and “bad trusts” Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906) Federal Govt. can set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction “ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP” Major earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that occurred on April 18th, 1906 at 5:12 a.m. At least 700 people were killed Started a fire that destroyed the central business district Book Investigative undercover worker Most famous and enduring muckraking novel Exposed the conditions of the Chicago Stockyards and meat-packing process. The book revealed the working and unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle had a profound effect on consumer protectionism. President Roosevelt passed two important laws Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905 "A nauseating job, but it must be done" Preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. Prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions Law reformed the industry, mandating that the USDA inspect all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses both before and after they were slaughtered and processed for consumption Newlands Act (1902) - federal Bureau of Reclamation set up in Interior Dept. to build interstate irrigation projects in arid lands Basically, every river in the west was dammed! Large bank loan/welfare program for farmers Forest Reserve Act of 1891 President can set aside forest reserves from land in the public domain U.S. Forest Service (1906) Runs national forests and grasslands Yosemite! Gifford Pinchot Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 First head of U. S. Forest Service Advocated for planned use and renewal White House conference on conservation -1908 John Muir Conservationist author Helped to preserve Yosemite and Sequoia National Park Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite Valley 1906 Roosevelt stepped down and wanted friend Republican William Howard Taft to run Prior job: Secretary of War Democrat William Jennings Bryan Postcard with Taft cartoon trust-busting Standard Oil Company! forest and oil reserves Propose income tax (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.” -Theodore Roosevelt BUT: Caused split in Republican Party Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy Bill that increased tariffs and called for fewer business regulations Opposite of what Republicans wanted so it really angered them Roosevelt will leave Republicans Progressives begin to withdraw support from president Taft as a result of this bill The Act extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the telecommunications industry Designated telephone, telegraph and wireless companies as common carriers Goal of feds to strengthen the federal governments regulatory control over the railroad industry Occurred on March 25th, 1911 in a New York City sweatshop Started a national movement in the United States for safer working conditions 129 women (mainly immigrants) and 17 men perished Many workers actually leapt from the windows to their deaths Overloaded fire escape collapsed and the firetruck ladders were only able to reach six stories Ideas came from Europe Late 1800s ideas that went against Capitalist industries that hurt the workers State or group ownership of property More regulation and equal distribution of profits Cooperatives are a type of “all benefit for the common good” ideas Industrialists and Republicans feared Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, and ran as candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States 5x 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912 Once even ran for president while in prison (1920)! Republicans split! Taft’s policies made Roosevelt leave the Republicans and start run for President under the Progressive Party! Nicknamed: Bull Moose Party Democrat “New Freedom” Restore unfettered opportunity for individual action and to employ the power of the government on behalf of social justice for all Underwood Simmons Tariff (1913) Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Keating-Owen Act (1916) Wilson at the peak of his power Revenue Act of 1913 Reimposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the 16th amendment Also, lowered the tariff rates of the Payne – Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 Sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood 1913 Congress had the power to collect and levy a federal income tax! municipal reform utilities - water, gas, electricity, trolleys Local executive reform (mayor) council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) introduced Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910 strong mayor system COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER MAYOR COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER CITY SERVICES COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY SERVICES American Senator who fought against the unfair business practices of large corporations, particularly the railroads Was also a strong antiwar advocate against US involvement in World War I Republican Robert M. La Follette House of Reps Governor of Wisconsin secret ballots direct primary initiative referendum Recall Senator 1906-1925 Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Progressive Party 1924 Anti-Political bosses, trusts, WWI, & League of Nations Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor 1900-06 Initiative A specified number of voters may petition to invoke a popular vote on a proposed law or an amendment to the constitution Referendum A statute or constitution requires that certain classes of legislative action be referred to a popular vote for approval or rejection Recall Method of election in which voters can oust an elected official before his official term has ended Minimizes the influence of political parties on elections Provided for the direct election of US senators by the voters of the states, rather than the appointment of senators by the state legislatures The amendment reflected popular dissatisfaction with the corruption and inefficiency that had come to characterize the legislative election of US senators in many states Federal Reserve System or The FED Central banking authority of the United States Commercial banks are accountable to the FED Oversees the supply of currency and inflation in the U.S. Makes loans to commercial banks Federal Reserve Act Charged with preventing unfair or deceptive trade practices Regulates advertising, marketing, and consumer credit practices Has no authority to punish violators, can only make their violations public The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first Act to prohibit trusts and outlaw monopolistic business practices. The new 1914 act provided further clarification on topics such as price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices. Companies could not buy stock from other companies. Feds back unions The Acts are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/clayton-antitrust-act.asp workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day improved safety & health conditions in factories workers compensation laws minimum wage laws unionization child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913 Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908 Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908 “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911 Prohibited the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen, and mines that employed children younger than sixteen, and any facility where children under fourteen worked after 7:00 p.m. or before 6:00 a.m. or more than 8 hours daily. Jane Addams Most settlement house workers were: middle class, educated women, religious Opened doors for women to lead and organize Social Gospels: religious faith should be expressed with hard work; churches help solve societies issues Social Gospels went against the Social Darwin “only strongest survived” Temperance Crusade Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard (1838-98), leader of the WCTU Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton Ideals started in 1850s Alcohol is killing the family and safety of the society resulting in higher crimes, accidents, divorce, violence and death. Women and religious leaders would push for reform The leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. More power than Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and Prohibition Party Prior to Prohibition Smash taverns with a hatchet Refused to wear a corset Anger! Baseball player Evangelist Christian Attracted large audiences among the wealthy Influential sermons helped gain support for prohibition 1920-1933 The amendment to the US Constitution that imposed a federal prohibition of Alcohol This image cannot currently be display ed. Eighteenth Amendment Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919 Minnesota Representative Andrew J. Volstead Republican Federal enforcement of 18th Amend. The act outlawed the export, sale or possession of alcoholic beverages was prohibited within the United States Alcoholic beverages that contained more than onehalf percent of alcohol Federal agents were empowered to investigate and prosecute violators Congress Passed and Democrat Wilson vetoed. Congress would override the veto Suffragette Banner 1918 19th Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917 (All: Library of Congress) Women’s Rights/suffrage 1872 First female candidate for President of the U.S.; no electoral votes Advocate for free love: free to marry, divorce, bear children without government regulation Wow! American women’s Suffrage leader who campaigned for the 19th amendment Served as president of the National American Women Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women Voters National American Women Suffrage Association NAWSA Formed in 1890 Goal was Suffrage for American Women American Woman who introduced the first equal rights amendment campaign in the United States Advocated the use of militant tactics to publicize the need for a federal woman suffrage amendment to the US Constitution Considered the NAWSA too timid Formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage which later became the National Woman’s Party Held protests and demonstrations in front of the White House Silent sentinels Picketed the White House and held banners demanding the right to vote Were arrested and sent to Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia Would be harassed and sometimes beaten while protesting Paul was arrested for seven months Began a hunger strike to protest the awful conditions of the prison and was forced to eat; she was fed raw eggs through a feeding tube Women finally gained the right to vote to or women’s referred to as women’s suffrage! Originally coined by the philosopher Charles Fourier The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes (wait until 1960s)