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Endocrine System Notes Key Concept: The endocrine system ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________. The endocrine system consists of __________________________________________________ that _________________________________________________________________________. - Glands release hormones directly into the _____________________________. Hormones are chemical produced by one set of “cells” that that affect another set of cells or _____________________________. Hormones are __________________________________________ that influence cells activities. Hormones affect ONLY cells with __________________________________________________. Target cells – have ______________________________________________________________ (lock and key analogy), if they do not have that particular receptor, then the hormone has no effect Body’s responses to hormones are slower than response to nerve impulses (minutes, hours, or even days to have an effect What 2 groups are hormones broken into? 1. ___________________________________ – The hormone crosses the cell membrane and binds to a receptor protein _________________________________. 2. ___________________________________ – the hormone binds to receptors on the ________________________________________. Homeostasis Endocrine system is especially involved in helping the body maintain homeostasis. Effect of hormones is controlled in 2 ways: 1. _____________________________________ - ______________________________ _________________________________________________ (deals with 1 hormone) 2. _____________________________________ - Uses _____ hormones that have _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________to regulate homeostasis. Internal Feedback Example: Maintaining Water Balance When you are dehydrated, the pituitary releases more hormones called “antidiuretic” (against), which tells the kidneys to slow down the removal of water, and you fell thirsty. When you have too much, your cells are dilute with water, less antidiuretic hormone is released, and the kidneys remove more water. Complimentary Hormones Example – Pancreas and Blood Sugar -Homeostasis is regulated by two hormones, insulin and glucagon. When blood sugar is high, insulin is releases to lower it, then when blood sugar is low, glucagon is released, and it tells the liver to release stored glucose. Hormonal imbalances can cause severe _____________________________________, by affecting ______________________________________________. These imbalances might be treated with surgery or medicine. Types of endocrine glands: ______________________________(Master gland) - Secretes 9 hormones that ___________________________________________________________. Growth Hormone (GH), Too much – gigantism, Too little – dwarfism Antidiuretic (ADH) - Helps kidneys balance water in our cells (removes water) Hypothalamus – Part of the brain and is attached to the pituitary gland. ____________ ___________________________________________________. Thyroid Gland – Regulates _______________________________________________________. 2 Thyroid Hormones: - ________________ - Regulates body _____________________ - _______________ - Regulates _______________________and phosphate in blood Parathyroid Glands – Regulates calcium levels in the blood. The Parathyroid hormone (PTH), increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and increase uptake of calcium from the digestive system. ____________________________ - releases hormones to ______________________________. 2 parts of the Adrenal Gland - Adrenal Cortex – Produces more than 2 dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids (ex. Cortisol controls metabolism) - Adrenal Medulla _________________________________________ (sympathetic nervous system). Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. ______________________ - Function to regulate _____________________________________. - Pancreatic Hormones regulate blood sugar level before and after meals. - Complimentary hormones o glucagon – ___________________________________ o insulin – _____________________________________ Between meals: Blood glucose low ->Pancreas secretes glucagon->Liver changes glycogen to glucose->glucose sent to target tissues After a meal: Blood glucose high ->Pancreas secretes insulin->Glucose goes to the Liver(Glygogen) and goes to Target tissues Reproductive Glands (___________________) 2 Functions - Production of ______________ and Secretion of _____________________. Hormones - Female – Ovaries produce _____________________(_____________________ ____________________________) and characteristics of the female body) + Progesterone (prepares uterus for embryo) - Males – Testes produce ______________________ (responsible for _________ ____________________), male characteristic like facial hair and bigger body size).