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Wetland Organisms Wetland Definition Diagram Stress Experienced In Wetlands u Anoxia u Salt Concentrations u Water Fluctuation 1 Protists u Anoxia (respiration) – Ability to use internal organic compounds as electron acceptors – Ability to use inorganic ions in respiration – Ability to use specific electron acceptors rather than oxygen u u sulfate Salt (osmotic & toxicity) – Complex potassium in cytoplasm – Enzymes function normally Vascular Plants u Anoxia – Structural – Nutrient absorption – Metabolic – Whole Plant Strategies u Salt – Barriers – Secretory organs u Water – Photosynthesis Structural Adaptations u Aerenchyma u Adventitious Roots u Lenticels u Pneumatophores u Pressurized Gas Flow u Rhizosphere Oxygenation 2 Aerenchyma Adventitious Roots Lenticels 3 Pneumatophores Aerial Roots Prop Roots 4 Plank Roots “Knee” Roots Pressurized Gas Flow u Air moves into internal gas spaces of aerial leaves u Forced down to roots by gradient of temperature and water vapor pressure 5 Rhizosphere Oxygenation Oxidized Rhizosphere Physiological Adaptations u Nutrient Absorption Respiration u Malate Production u Anaerobic 6 Nutrient Absorption u Normal metabolism in roots u Nitrogen – some wetland plants absorb ammonium u Iron/Manganese – oxidized rhizospheres protect u Sulfur – detoxification mechanisms Anaerobic Respiration Whole Plant Strategies u Dormancy during flooding Production in nonnon-flooded season u Buoyant Seeds u Vivipary u Seed 7 Vivipary Salt Adaptations u u Barrier Cells in roots Secretory Cells Changes in Photosynthesis u C3 Biochemical Pathway – Phosphoglyceric Acid – Much more common u C4 Biochemical Pathway – Oxaloacetic Acid – Arid/wetter – Use CO2 More Effectively 8 Animals u Anoxia – Specialized organs for gas exchange – Mechanism to improve oxygen gradient – Better circulation system – Decrease activity during oxygen stress – Shifts metabolic pathways u Salt – Control internal osmotic concentrations Wetland Delineation Purpose – Jurisdictional – Scientific u Definition U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at frequency /duration sufficient to support vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions. u Diagnostic Characteristics – Vegetation – Soils – Hydrology Vegetation Indicator Status Categories Category Symbol Likelihood of Occurring in Wetland Obligate Wetland OBL >99% Facultative Wetland FACW >67% to 99% Facultative FAC 33% to 66% Facultative Upland FACU 1% to < 33% Obligate Upland UPL <1% 9 Wetland Soil Indicators u NRCS u Field Hydric Soil Indicators – Organic Soils – Mineral Soils uGleyed uChroma uChroma 1 with or without mottles 2 with mottles – Sulfidic Material – Sandy Soils uHigh organic content at surface uStreaked Hydrology Indicators u Recorded Data – U.S. Corps of Engineers – USGS – State / Local Agencies u Field Data – Soil Saturation – Watermarks – Drift Lines – Sediment Deposits Delineation Method u Preliminary Data – – – – – – – – u USGS Quadranlge Maps NWI Maps Soil Survey Stream Gage EISs State Wetland Determinations Local Wetland Inventories Aerial Photographs I nn-Field Data (transects) – Visual Changes – Chose Representative Points – Characterize Each Change u u u Vegetation Soils Hydrology 10