Download Reem A Appendicular Skeleton

Human Anatomy,
First Edition
McKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 8 :
Appendicular Skeleton
8-1
Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes the bones of
the upper and lower
limbs.
• The girdles of bones that
attach the upper and
lower limbs to the axial
skeleton.
– pectoral girdle consists of
bones that hold the upper
limbs in place
– pelvic girdle consists of
bones that hold the lower
limbs in place
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Upper limb bones (upper extremity bones)
pectoral girdle
Bones of the arm:
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Bones of the forearm
Bones of the hand
Radius
Carpal
Ulna
Metacarpal
Phalanges
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• Bones of the two
pectoral girdle:Scapula + Clavicle
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•
a) Supraspinous fossa
(origin for the supraspinous
muscle).
b) Infraspinous fossa (origin
for the infraspinous muscle).
c) Scapular spine with its
superior and inferior lip
(insertion for mm trapezius
and deltoideus).
d) Acromion (insertion for
mm trapezius and
deltoideus).
e) Glenoid surface (acromial
clavicular extremity).
f) Coracoid process
(insertion for ligaments
trapezoideum, conoidium,
and coraco-acromial; mm
pectoralis minor,
coracobrachialis, and short
head of biceps brachii).
A
B
Posterior Shoulder Anatomy Showing Major Muscle (Supra &10
Inferspinatus Muscle)
Bone Prominences
Condyle – Rounded process where bones articulate.
• A condyle : is the round prominence at the end of a
bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with
another bone.
• On the femur, in the knee joint:
– Medial condyle
– Lateral condyle
• On the tibia, in the knee joint:
– Medial condyle
– Lateral condyle
• On the mandible, in the temporomandibular joint:
– Mandibular condyle
• On the occipital bone, in the atlanto-occipital joint:
– Occipital condyles
Bones of the arm: Humerus is
the largest longest bone of the
upper limb
located between shoulder and
elbow
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Glenohumeral joint
• Possible exam
question:
• Which bones of
Pectoral Girdle form
the Glenohumeral
joint?
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Shoulder joint (Glenohumeral
joint)
• Shoulder joint is a the
ball and socket
articulation
• The articulation is
between the head of
humerus and glenoid
fossa of Scapula.
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Radius
• Radius which has
rounded head (disk
shape head)
• Proximally articulates with
humerus
• radius is located laterally
on the thumb side
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Ulna
• Ulna is the longer of the two bones extends
between elbows and wrists.
• Ulna has large depression, serving for
articulation with the humerus.
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Bones of the hand
Carpal
•
Metacarpal
•
•
Phalanges
•
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Joints of the upper limb:• Shoulder joint, between the head of humerus
and glenoid fossa of Scapula.
• Elbow joint, between humerus and Radius and
Ulna.
• Wrist joint, between Radius and Carpal bones.
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Possible questions
• Name the Joints of the upper limb and
list the bones that constitute them.
• Name the bones that form the upper
limb from proximal to distal.
• Name the bones of the hand
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones of
Lower limb (lower extremity)
pelvic girdle (2 hips )
ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Thigh bones
Femur
Patella
Leg bones
Tibia
Fibula
Foot bones
Tarsal metarsalPhalanges
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Pelvis

The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
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the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.
The 2 hip bones each consists of 3 large fused bones:1ilium 2- Ischium 3- pubis
Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the
ventral body cavity.
Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.
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Os Coxae

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Commonly referred to
as the “hip bone” or
innominate bone.
Each is formed from
three separate bones:
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the ilium, the ischium,
and the pubis
Each articulates
posteriorly with the
sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint.
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‫غير‬
‫مطلوب‬
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Femur bone which is the
largest, heaviest, and the
strongest .
Located in the body between
hip bone and knee joint.
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The head of the femur articulates with
the acetabulum.
The femur is the strongest bone in
the body, about as strong as steel.
It has the ability to support up to
30 times the weight of an adult
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Left knee-joint from behind,
showing interior ligaments
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Right knee-joint, from the front,
showing interior ligaments.
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Femur
A. Origins: Gastrocnemius , Vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius.
B. Insertions: tensor fasciae latae, gluteus
medius, gluteus minimus, Gluteus maximus.
C. Articulations:
1. Hip: acetabulum of pelvis superiorly
2. knee: with the tibia and patella inferiorly.
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Bones of the thigh:
Patella
• Patella bone is a small
bone at the anterior side,
it protects the knee.
• It is formed within the
tendon of the quadriceps
femoris muscle.
• Note: a bone formed
within a tendon of a
muscle is called
sesamoid bone
Patella. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.
C. Superior view.
• Patella is the largest
sesamoid bone in the
body
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Tibia located at the anterior
and medial part of leg
between the Knee joint
and ankle joint .
Tibia is the only bone that
articulates with the
femur at the knee joint
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Bones of the leg: Tibia
• The distal end of the tibia
• articulates with the tarsal
bone (talus) to form the
larger part of the ankle
joint.
A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Cross-section through shafts. D. Posteromedial view of distal ends
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Bones of the leg: Fibula
•
Fibula is a long
slender bone
parallel and lateral
to tibia
•
Its proximal end
articulates with tibia
and its distal end
articulates with
talus.
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Bones of the foot:•
•
•
•
•
Consist of three groups of
bones:
Tarsal bones (7 short
bones)
Metarsal bones (5
bones)
Phalanges 14 in number
3 phalanges in each digit
except the big toe
which has 2 phalanges
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Arches of the Foot
• The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the
ground.
• Helps it support the weight of the body.
• Ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the
sole of the foot are not pinched (squeezed) when
standing.
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Aging of the Appendicular
Skeleton

Skeletal mass and density decline.

Erosion and porosity increase.
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Bones become more brittle and susceptible to fracture.
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Articulating surfaces deteriorate, contributing to
osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder,
which is due to aging and wear and tear on a joint.
Changes begin in childhood and continue throughout life.
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High heels have also been linked to overworked or injured leg muscles,
osteoarthritis of the knee, plantar fasciitis and low back pain.
The increased weight on your toes causes your body to tilt forward, and
to compensate, you lean backwards and overarch your back, creating a
posture that can strain your knees, hips, and lower back. "The change
to the position of your spine puts pressure on nerves in the back and
can cause sciatica, a condition where nerves become trapped, triggering
pain and numbness as far down as the feet,“
women who wear high heels often suffer a shortening of the Achilles
tendon because once the heel is pointed upwards, it tightens up.
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