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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
Exam 1 (Intro/Endo/Repro)
Fall 2015
Name: _____Dr. C_______________________
Multiple Choice: pick the single best answer [2 pts. apiece]
1. Dopamine is known to promote wakefulness and arousal in flies. If neurons lack dopamine
transporters (e.g., in fumin flies), the flies...
a. never wake up because no dopamine can be produced
b. sleep less because dopamine is constantly being recycled
c. sleep less because dopamine lingers in the synapse – YES
d. sleep more because dopamine is constantly being recycled
e. sleep more because dopamine lingers in the synapse
2. All of the following are tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary EXCEPT
a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. growth hormone (GH)
d. prolactin (PRL) – BEST ANSWER (PRL is released by anterior pituitary, but is not a tropic
hormone)
e. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
f. ALL of the above are tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary. – ALSO ACCEPTED
(because a previous version of this question – question #2 on the 10-20-15 quiz – implied that
PRL was a tropic hormone)
3. Binding of _____________ to _____________ on _________ causes _____________.
a. epinephrine; alpha receptors; skeletal muscle cells; vasodilation
b. epinephrine; beta-2 receptors; smooth muscle cells; vasodilation – YES
c. norepinephrine; alpha receptors; cardiac muscle cells; vasodilation
d. norepinephrine; beta-2 receptors; smooth muscle cells; vasodilation
e. norepinephrine; gamma receptors; hepatocytes; defenestration
4. Second messengers like cAMP and cGMP are produced by enzymes called ________ and
consumed by enzymes called ______________.
a. adenylases; guanylases
b. cyclases; phosphodiesterases – YES
c. mononucleotidases; hydrolases
d. phosphodiesterases; cyclases
e. synthases; phosphorylases
5. Of all the hormones produced in the human body, most fall into the structural category of
a. amino acid derivatives
b. cofactors
c. lipid derivatives
d. peptides/polypeptides – YES
e. planar molecules
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall 2015
6. The physical abnormality of the woman at right (picture
by Martin Finborud via Wikipedia) was likely caused by
a. chronic stress
b. iodine deficiency – YES
c. low insulin levels
d. low TRH levels
e. low TSH levels
7. Unlike endocrine communication, neuronal
communication involves
a. amino acid derivatives
b. receptors
c. sending and receiving cells that nearly touch each other
– YES
d. signals sent through the blood
e. the hypothalamus
8. How do G proteins typically change the concentration of second messengers such as cGMP?
a. G proteins are enzymes that break down cGMP.
b. G proteins are enzymes that produce cGMP.
c. G proteins can stimulate other enzymes that break down or produce cGMP. – YES
d. G proteins, when activated, break apart into components that include free cGMP.
e. G proteins cannot change cGMP levels; however, cGMP binds to and activates G proteins.
9. A thyroidectomized rat has a basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 22 mL of oxygen per kg per
minute. The rat is then given daily injections of thyroid hormone for 2 weeks. By the end of the
2 weeks its BMR will have
a. decreased
b. increased – YES
c. stayed the same
10. The natural disorder mimicked by extensive administration of prednisone is
a. Addison’s disease
b. Cushing’s syndrome – YES
c. Henderson’s hyperimmunity
d. Pillow’s phenomenon
e. Thyroid tumor
11. Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) helps keep small animals warm by
a. fueling the metabolic needs of the brain
b. giving protons an alternative route to diffuse into mitochondria – YES
c. harboring fever-causing viruses
d. redirecting blood flow toward the skin
e. stimulating the thyroid gland
12. A similarity between thyroid hormone and epinephrine is that
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall 2015
a. both affect gene expression
b. both are also known as “adrenaline”
c. both are amino acid derivatives – YES
d. both are hydrophobic
e. both are secreted by the adrenal gland
13. A similarity between cortisol and epinephrine is that
a. both are considered stress hormones
b. both are made by the adrenal gland
c. both promote generation and release of free glucose from the liver
d. significant fractions of both are bound by proteins in the blood
e. all of the above – YES
14. Following ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes lots of _____, which affects the _______.
a. estrogen; endometrium of the uterus
b. estrogen; myometrium of the uterus
c. progesterone; endometrium of the uterus – YES
d. progesterone; myometrium of the uterus
e. oxytocin; myometrium of the uterus
15. To normalize metabolic rates to body size, absolute rates in mL oxygen per minute are often
divided by
a. body mass in kg – YES
b. carbon dioxide production in mL per minute
c. length in cm
d. surface area in cm2
e. volume in cm3
16. Of the structures below, which has the most superior anatomic position in the human
body?
a. adrenal gland
b. gonads
c. hypothalamus – YES
d. pituitary gland
e. thyroid gland
17. Relative to the young rats studied by Sapolsky et al. (1984), the older rats had
a. fewer glucocorticoid receptors in their hippocampi and less stress.
b. fewer neurons and fewer glucocorticoid receptors in their hippocampi. – YES
c. fewer neurons in their hippocampi and less corticosterone release.
d. higher-affinity glucocorticoid receptors.
e. more glucocorticoid receptors in their hippocampi and more corticosterone release.
Short Answer: respond concisely but precisely in the space provided
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
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18. At right are data
from subject who
fasted for several hours
(not all shown here)
before eating a meal at
time = 1 hour.
a. Based on these data,
can you tell whether
this person has type 1
diabetes mellitus or
type 2 diabetes
mellitus? If so, which is
it? If not, why can’t
you tell? [2 pts.]
Either of the following:
 You can’t tell because poor regulation of blood glucose levels (shown in the figure) is a
property of BOTH types of diabetes mellitus.
 You can’t tell because the two types differ in the production and response to insulin,
which is not shown here.
b. Briefly describe another measurement that would be helpful in distinguishing between type
1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and how it would help. [4 pts. – 2 points for each bullet below]
 Measurement: measure insulin levels with a competitive binding assay (such as a RIA or
ELISA).
 How it would help: a very low insulin level suggests type 1 diabetes mellitus. A very high
insulin level suggests type 2 diabetes mellitus.
19. Briefly describe the general role of an effector in negative feedback systems. [2 pts.]
Effectors reduce the error signal – the discrepancy (as detected by the integrator) between the
setpoint and the actual value of a regulated variable.
20. Respiration (breathing) rate can be adjusted to keep the O2 and CO2 levels in the blood
within certain ranges.
a. Briefly describe a situation in which respiration rate might increase via feedforward control.
[2 pts.]
Full credit for any answer conveying the idea that feedforward control anticipates a need for
enhanced O2 delivery or CO2 disposal (rather than waiting for an error signal to develop). For
example, you might start breathing hard at the starting line of a race as you anticipate the
forthcoming need for increased oxygen.
b. Briefly describe a separate situation in which respiration rate might increase via feedback
control. [2 pts.]
Full credit for any answer conveying the idea the respiration is increased in response to an error
signal such as high carbon dioxide levels, low pH, and/or low oxygen levels in the blood. For
example, you will breathe more when you ascend to high altitude or start exercising vigorously
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall 2015
and your breathing isn’t keeping up with the body’s needs for delivering oxygen or getting rid
or carbon dioxide.
21. At right is Figure S10 from Kayser et
al. (2014).
a. Who sleeps more, immature fruit flies
or mature fruit flies? [2 pts.] Immature
fruit flies
b. What do the following abbreviations
mean? [1 pt. apiece]
 dFSB: dorsal fan-shaped body
 MB: mushroom body
 TH+: tyrosine hydroxylase-positive
neurons, dopaminergic neurons,
or dopamine-producing neurons
(any of these is fine)
c. According to this figure, WHY do
mature and immature fruit flies differ in
the amount of sleep they get?
[3 pts. – 2 pts. for either one of the
bullets below, and 1 additional pt. for
covering the other one too]
 the dFSB is able to promote sleep
more strongly in flies…
 …because the dFSB is less strongly
inhibited by dopaminergic (TH+)
neurons in these flies (i.e., the
dFSB receives less dopamine from
these neurons in young flies)
22. The figure above (taken from a 2007 paper by UW researchers Kauffman, Clifton, and
Steiner) shows the influence of day length on breeding in sheep. LD = long days; SD = short
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
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days; MEL = melatonin. Based on this figure, do sheep breed during long days or short days?
Briefly explain your reasoning. [4 pts. – 2 pts. for correct answer, 2 pts. for reasoning]
 Sheep breed during short days.
 Reasoning: perfect answers should include 2 points
o short days increase the hours of melatonin release (during darkness)
o melatonin stimulates GnRH release, which promotes breeding
23. Thyroid hormone synthesis.
a. What is the lumpy purple protein that appears 5 times in the figure below (from
pathwaymedicine.org)? [2 pts.] thyroglobulin
b. Clearly label the blood, colloid, and thyroid follicle cell in the figure below. [1 pt. each]
24. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
a. Draw a diagram at right that clearly shows
the interactions of secretions from the
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and
ovaries. Indicate which structures produce
which hormones. Indicate any stimulatory
and/or inhibitory interactions. Include two
different hormones made in the ovaries.
[6 pts. total: 1 pt. for each of the 3 matches
of structures and hormone secreted, 1 pt. for
each of the 2 stimulatory actions, 1 pt. for
indicating negative feedback from one or
more ovarian hormones back to pituitary
and/or hypothalamus]
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
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b. What exception to the usual hypothalamus-pituitary axis of negative feedback allows
ovulation to take place? [2 pts.]
At high levels, estrogen feeds back POSITIVELY on the pituitary (LH) and hypothalamus (GnRH).
Full credit as long as answer mentions estrogen, positive feedback, and at least one target gland
or hormone (pituitary, LH, hypothalamus, or GnRH).
c. How do birth control pills prevent ovulation? [2 pts.]
Progesterone and estrogen feed back negatively on the hypothalamus/GnRH and the
pituitary/FSH/LH. Full credit as long as answer includes progesterone or estrogen (or both,
negative feedback/inhibition, and at least one target of the inhibition hypothalamus, GnRH,
pituitary, FSH, or LH).
25. Summarize the figure at right
(from Principles of Biochemistry, 4th
edition) in 2 specific, clear
sentences. [3 pts.]
 A perfect answer mentions
that glycogen breakdown is
stimulated and glycogen
synthesis is turned off via
phosphorylation of key
enzymes.
 0.5 points off if no mention
is made of glycogen
synthesis.
 0.5 points off if no mention
is made of phosphorylation.
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
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26. The figure at
right (from
tokushimau.ac.jp) shows
how glucose
transporters
respond to the
presence of a
certain
hormone.
a. List a
hormone that
has this effect.
[2 pts.]
insulin
b. List 2 tissues/organs where this hormone has the effect pictured. [4 pts.]
Full credit for any 2 of: adipose tissue/fat cells, muscle, liver (2 pts. apiece)
c. How are blood glucose levels affected by this hormone? [2 pts.]
Blood glucose levels DECREASE in response to this hormone.
27. What metabolic fuel or fuels are used most readily by the brain? How does the pancreas
help it stay fueled? [4 pts. – 2 pts. for each bullet below]
 The brain mostly uses glucose (it’s OK if ketone bodies are mentioned too)
 The pancreas releases glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels so that the brain has a
continuous supply of glucose
28. A patient has elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin
releasing hormone (CRH), and cortisol.
a. The primary defect (i.e., root cause of the problem) most likely resides in which structure?
Briefly explain your reasoning. [3 pts.]
 The hypothalamus is the problem. High cortisol should turn down CRH production by
the hypothalamus, but that is not happening.
b. Would this person’s blood pressure most likely be high, low, or normal? Briefly explain. [3
pts.]
 Overstimulated adrenal cortex => too much aldosterone => retention of Na + =>
retention of fluids => high blood pressure (a perfect answer should mention aldosterone
and its effect of retaining Na+)
c. Blood pressure aside, list one symptom this patient would be likely to have. [2 pts.]
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
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Symptoms discussed in class include an impaired/suppressed immune system and being
overweight/obese. Either is fine. Other symptoms commonly associated with Cushing’s
syndrome may be accepted.
29. Sapolsky 1984.
a. What main,
overarching
question of the
Sapolsky et al. 1984
paper was
addressed by Figure
2 (right)? [2 pts.]
A perfect answer would say one of the following:
 Why do aged rats recover from stress more slowly than young rats, in terms of
corticosterone levels in the blood?
 Is it a loss of neurons or a loss of receptors which accounts for the changing function of
the hippocampi of aging rats?
 0.5 points off for an answer along the lines of “(How) does the hippocampus impact the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?”
b. What answer to the above question did Figure 2 provide? Discuss how the data presented in
Figure 2a or 2b suggest this answer. [4 pts. – 2 pts. for each bullet below]
 The answer (depending on exactly how the question was phrased): a loss of
glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus, independent of any cell loss, is sufficient
to prolong elevation of corticosterone following stress.
 How the data support this answer (discuss either Figure 2a or Figure 2b):
o Figure 2a: Chronically stressed mice, which have fewer glucocorticoid receptors
but not fewer neurons in the hippocampus, have prolonged corticosterone
elevations, suggesting that this reduction of receptors can, by itself, account for
the prolongation.
o Figure 2b: Brattleboro mice, which have fewer glucocorticoid receptors but not
fewer neurons in the hippocampus, have prolonged corticosterone elevations,
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BBio 351: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall 2015
suggesting that this reduction of receptors can, by itself, account for the
prolongation.
c. Sapolsky’s 1984 paper only quantified cytosolic (intracellular) glucocortocoid receptors
because those were the only kind that were known at the time. However, other researchers
have since discovered the existence of membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) in the
hippocampus and other areas. These mGRs typically cause more rapid responses to
glucocorticoids than cytosolic receptors. Explain how the discovery of mGRs could affect our
understanding/interpretation of Sapolsky’s 1984 data. [3 pts.]
(Note: this was supposed to be a hard question!) The discovery of mGRs raises the question of
WHICH set of glucocorticoid receptors (the cytosolic ones or the membrane-bound ones, or
both) are most responsible for the hippocampus’ receipt of corticosterone and the resulting
suppression of hypothalamic CRH release. Sapolsky et al. reported that chronic stress or a
genetic vasopressin defect decreases the cytosolic receptors, but are those the right receptors
to be looking at? If we redid this study today we might quantify both the cytosolic and
membrane-bound receptors, see whether both are altered by stress and vasopressin deficiency,
and find a situation where the two sets of receptors do NOT change in the same direction at the
same time so that the prolonged corticosterone elevation could be clearly linked to one set or
the other set.
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