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Psychological Therapies example crash course "Bring Me To Life"-therapy; start @ 24:24 Philippe Pinel • French doctor who was the first to take the chains off and declare that these people are sick and “a cure must be found!!!” • Dorethea Dix- American reformer! Two Types of Therapy Psychological Therapies • Structured interactions between a trained professional and a client • AKA – Psychotherapy; many types • Most influential: – – – – Psychoanalysis Humanistic Therapy Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Biomedical Therapies • Therapies that act directly on a client’s nervous system • AKA – Somatic Therapy • Emphasizes Psychopharmacology Psychoanalytic Therapy crash course who? • Psychoanalysis (childhood experiences…. hypnosis , free association, dream interpretation • 15 min (dream interpretation) • Unconscious • Transference • Catharsis • Fried Green Tomatoes Resistance/Transference Resistance • The blocking from consciousness of anxiety causing material Transference • In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. • Example: • Sheldon's psychotherapy Humanistic Therapy start @ 4:29 • Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers • These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. • Self-actualization, freewill and unconditional positive regard. • Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self. Client (Person) Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers • Therapist uses genuineness, acceptance, and empathy, showing unconditional positive regard. • Goal – Clients deepen self understanding and self acceptance BEHAVIORAL THERAPY START @ 6:06 • B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists question the effectiveness/value of “talk” therapies. • Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. • The behaviors are the problems - so we must change the behaviors. • Counterconditioning – Based on Classical Conditioning – i.e. • Aversive Conditioning • Systematic Desensitization • Flooding • Operant Conditioning • Token Economy Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Systematic Desensitization example • A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli. How would you use systematic desensitization to reduce the fear of dentists? ANXIETY HIERARCHY USED IN SYSTEMATC DESENSITIZATION Flooding Virtual Technology / Exposure Therapy example Aversive Conditioning Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. How would putting poop on the fingernails of a nail biter effect their behavior? Aversive Conditioning • Associating unpleasant state /stimuli with an unwanted behavior • Using aversive conditioning, what are some ways you can change the behavior of your friends who bite their fingernails? Operant Conditioning Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. Cognitive Therapy 8:20 • Change the way we think(change our schemas) • Aaron Beck • Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive Therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. Is .300 a good or bad batting average? Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapies Aaron Beck and his view of Depression • Noticed that depressed people were similar in the way they viewed the world. • Used cognitive therapy get people to take off the “dark sunglasses” in which they view their surroundings Cognitive TherapyDoes It Work? Group Therapy START @ 9:56 Eclectic Approach • the most “popular” approach to therapy; combining different techniques from the various approaches to psychotherapy How effective is Psychotherapy? • Depends on the measure… – Client Perceptions? Yes… – Clinician Perceptions? Yes… – Scientific Research? • Eysenck’s challenge in 1950’s – noted little differences in treated vs. nontreated • Meta-Analysis ( statistically combining the results of many different studies) offer different conclusions… Comparison of Psychotherapies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uA0DHzoPpY Comparison of Psychotherapies Comparison of Psychotherapies Comparison of Psychotherapies Comparison of Psychotherapies Comparison of Psychotherapies Somatic Therapies START @ 4:56 (psychiatrist or clinical psychologist?) Psychopharmacology • Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) • Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) • Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors-SRI) • Bipolar (lithium) Psychopharmacology • The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. Antianxiety Drugs • i.e. - Valium ,Xanax, Ativan • like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity • may lead to psychological dependence Mood Stabilizers • Lithium aka - Lithium Carbonate a cheap salt that provides effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder • Depakote originally used to treat seizures also used in treatment of bipolar disorder Antidepressant Drugs • Lift you up out of depression. Most increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and serotonin. Antipsychotics start @ 5:23 • i.e. - Thorazine, Clozaril • dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli • typically work by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine (antagonist) • side effects are common (sluggishness, tremors, twitches) • most helpful in reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft • Work by blocking serotonin reuptake. https://youtu.be/twhvtzd6gXA • http://youtu.be/twhvtzd6gXA Somatic Therapy • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression • Psychosurgury lobotomy Transcranial Brain Stimulation (treatment for depression) SAD Light therapy Drugs and Hospitalization Deinstitutionalization Mental Health Professionals Type Description Clinical Psychologist Ph.D. in Psychology, specializing in research, assessment, & therapy with supervised internship. Some work in agencies/institutions, some in private practice. Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers M.S. in Social Work; NASW certification Counselors Varying degrees (perhaps just a B.S. or B.A.); often provide simple verbal advice and assistance rather than formal therapy Psychiatrists M.D., specializing in treatment of Psych Disorders; may or may not offer psychotherapy; can prescribe meds; often have their own medical practices Important People • • • • • • • A. Beck A. Ellis S. Freud M. C. Jones C. Rogers B.F. Skinner J. Wolpe • Behaviorist; would argue that therapy should focus on abnormal behaviors rather than their “roots/causes” • Client-centered therapy; humanistic psychology • Psychoanalysis • Behaviorist; Rational Emotive (Behavioral) Therapy • Amongst the first to use counterconditioning; experiment w/ boy afraid of rabbits; “mother of behavioral therapy” • Cognitive therapy; worked with depressed patients; take off “dark sunglasses” • Refined / published the work of M.C. Jones