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GEOL 101 - Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth – Spring 2011 Test #3 – April 19, 2011 Name _KEY_ ID# _KEY_ Multiple choice questions (2 points each). 1. Approximately what percentage of water on Earth is fresh water (not in the oceans)? a) 78% b) 30% c) 11% d) 3% 2. Approximately 85% of the fresh water on the Earth is present as: a) groundwater b) surface water c) glacial ice d) water vapor in the air 3. ___________ is a measure of the amount of open spaces in a rock. a) porosity b) permeability c) networking 4. Some rocks may form aquifers in which groundwater is stored. Which of the following rock types would likely make the best aquifer? a) metamorphic b) sandstone c) granite d) shale 5. Which of the following rocks would likely make the best aquitard? a) conglomerate b) sandstone c) limestone d) shale 6. _________ is the capacity of a material for flow of a liquid through it. a) porosity b) permeability c) networking 7. In desert areas with very little rain the _____________ tends to be disconnected from surface streams. a) aeration zone b) unsaturated zone c) water table 8. The ______________ is found between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration. a) water table b) aquitard c) aquifer d) border zone 9. A _______________ stream might be found in an area where rainfall is high. a) gaining b) losing (connected) c) losing (disconnected) 10. In a normal fault: a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall b) the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other 11. In a reverse fault: a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall b) the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other 12. In a strike-slip fault: a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall b) the hanging wall moves up 1 relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other 13. A normal fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary? a) divergent b) convergent c) transform 14. A reverse fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary? a) divergent b) convergent c) transform 15. A strike-slip fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary? a) divergent b) convergent c) transform 16. What combination of conditions would most likely produce brittle deformation? a) high temperature, high strain rate b) high temperature, low strain rate c) low temperature, high strain rate d) low temperature, low strain rate 17. What combination of conditions would most likely produce ductile deformation? a) high temperature, high strain rate b) high temperature, low strain rate c) low temperature, high strain rate d) low temperature, low strain rate 18. The ___________ is the compass direction of the intersection of inclined sedimentary beds with the horizontal. a) dip b) azimuth c) tilt d) strike 19. The ____________ is the angle between horizontal and the inclined sedimentary beds. a) dip b) azimuth c) tilt d) strike 20. An area where sedimentary beds are folded upwards (i.e. concave downwards) is called a: a) syncline b) monocline c) anticline 21. An area where sedimentary beds are folded downwards (i.e. concave upwards) is called a: a) syncline b) monocline c) anticline 22. When an area folded into anticlines and synclines is eroded, the rocks exposed at the center of an anticline are the: a) youngest b) oldest 23. When an area folded into anticlines and synclines is eroded, the rocks exposed at the center of a syncline are the: a) youngest b) oldest 24. The ________ is the area underground where the energy of an earthquake is first released. a) seismic point b) focus c) epicenter 25. The ________ is the point on the surface directly above where earthquake energy is released. a) seismic point b) focus c) epicenter 2 26. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce small, shallow earthquakes? a) convergent b) divergent c) transform 27. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce large, deep earthquakes? a) convergent b) divergent c) transform 28. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce large, shallow earthquakes? a) convergent b) divergent c) transform 29. Which type of seismic waves cannot travel through a liquid? a) P-waves b) S-waves 30. Which type of seismic waves are characterized by compressional forces? a) P-waves b) S-waves 31. Which type of seismic waves provide us with evidence that the Earth’s core has molten material in it? a) P-waves b) S-waves 32. Each increment of magnitude (e.g. from 1 to 2) is a factor of ____ times greater earthquake power on the Richter scale. a) 2 b) 10 c) 20 d) 30 e) 100 33. Earthquakes cause damage because of : a) ground shaking b) tsunamis c) landslides d) all of these 34. Which of these is an example of a divergent plate margin? a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America c) the mid-Atlantic ridge 35. Which of these is an example of a convergent plate margin? a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America c) the mid-Atlantic ridge 36. Which of these is an example of a transform plate margin? a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America c) the mid-Atlantic ridge 37. Alfred Wegeners idea of continental drift was based on what observations? a) match of different fossils on the continents b) match of rock types and mountain belts c) match of glaciated areas d) all of these 38. What is the evidence that new oceanic crust is created at, and moves away from, divergent plate boundaries? a) magnetic anomalies b) isotopic dates on seafloor basalts c) GPS measurements d) observations on Iceland e) all of these 3 39. Compared to the surrounding crust, the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is: a) thinner and hotter b) thicker and hotter c) thinner and colder d) thicker and colder 40. If two oceanic plates collide which one will subduct? a) the younger and hotter one b) the older and colder one 41. What does the Wadati-Benioff earthquake zone, which shows earthquakes down to ~600 km depth, tell us? a) location of continental rifts b) location of divergent plate boundaries c) location of subducting plates d) location of transform plate boundaries 42. Mantle plumes are thought to originate at/in the: a) base of the crust b) core c) deep mantle 43. The rate of motion of plates at, e.g. mid-ocean ridges and transform boundaries is: a) several millimeters/year b) several centimeters/year c) several meters/year d) several kilometers/year 44. Which of the following locations is where a mantle plume comes to the surface? a) the west coast of South America b) Japan c) the east coast of North America d) Hawaii 45. Which of the following convergent plate boundaries will produce the highest mountains? a) oceanic-oceanic b) oceanic-continent c) continent-continent 46. Which of the following is thought to be the dominant driving force for the motion of plates on Earth? a) slab pull in subduction zones b) ridge push at mid-ocean ridges c) mantle convection 47. Where will the largest and most dangerous volcanoes develop? a) mid-ocean ridges b) transform plate boundaries c) over a subduction zone 48. The early stages of development of a divergent plate boundary might form a: a) continental rift b) subduction zone c) transform boundary 49. Have we actually produced images of subducted plates moving down into the mantle? a) yes b) no 50. The oceanic crust is made dominantly of what rock type? a) granite b) diorite c) basalt 4