Download Physical Geology - Geol 1330 (07610) - Spring

GEOL 101 - Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth – Spring 2011
Test #3 – April 19, 2011
Name _KEY_
ID# _KEY_
Multiple choice questions (2 points each).
1. Approximately what percentage of water on Earth is fresh water (not in the oceans)?
a) 78% b) 30% c) 11% d) 3%
2. Approximately 85% of the fresh water on the Earth is present as:
a) groundwater b) surface water c) glacial ice d) water vapor in the air
3. ___________ is a measure of the amount of open spaces in a rock.
a) porosity
b) permeability
c) networking
4. Some rocks may form aquifers in which groundwater is stored. Which of the following rock types
would likely make the best aquifer?
a) metamorphic
b) sandstone
c) granite
d) shale
5. Which of the following rocks would likely make the best aquitard?
a) conglomerate b) sandstone
c) limestone
d) shale
6. _________ is the capacity of a material for flow of a liquid through it.
a) porosity
b) permeability
c) networking
7. In desert areas with very little rain the _____________ tends to be disconnected from surface streams.
a) aeration zone b) unsaturated zone c) water table
8. The ______________ is found between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration.
a) water table
b) aquitard
c) aquifer
d) border zone
9. A _______________ stream might be found in an area where rainfall is high.
a) gaining
b) losing (connected)
c) losing (disconnected)
10. In a normal fault:
a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall
b) the hanging wall moves up
relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other
11. In a reverse fault:
a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall b) the hanging wall moves up
relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other
12. In a strike-slip fault:
a) the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall b) the hanging wall moves up
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relative to the foot wall c) rocks on either side move laterally (horizontally) past each other
13. A normal fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary?
a) divergent
b) convergent c) transform
14. A reverse fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary?
a) divergent b) convergent c) transform
15. A strike-slip fault might be most common at what type of plate tectonic boundary?
a) divergent b) convergent c) transform
16. What combination of conditions would most likely produce brittle deformation?
a) high temperature, high strain rate b) high temperature, low strain rate
c) low temperature, high strain rate d) low temperature, low strain rate
17. What combination of conditions would most likely produce ductile deformation?
a) high temperature, high strain rate b) high temperature, low strain rate
c) low temperature, high strain rate d) low temperature, low strain rate
18. The ___________ is the compass direction of the intersection of inclined sedimentary beds with the
horizontal.
a) dip
b) azimuth
c) tilt
d) strike
19. The ____________ is the angle between horizontal and the inclined sedimentary beds.
a) dip
b) azimuth
c) tilt
d) strike
20. An area where sedimentary beds are folded upwards (i.e. concave downwards) is called a:
a) syncline
b) monocline
c) anticline
21. An area where sedimentary beds are folded downwards (i.e. concave upwards) is called a:
a) syncline
b) monocline
c) anticline
22. When an area folded into anticlines and synclines is eroded, the rocks exposed at the center of an
anticline are the:
a) youngest
b) oldest
23. When an area folded into anticlines and synclines is eroded, the rocks exposed at the center of a
syncline are the:
a) youngest
b) oldest
24. The ________ is the area underground where the energy of an earthquake is first released.
a) seismic point b) focus c) epicenter
25. The ________ is the point on the surface directly above where earthquake energy is released.
a) seismic point b) focus c) epicenter
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26. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce small, shallow earthquakes?
a) convergent b) divergent c) transform
27. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce large, deep earthquakes?
a) convergent b) divergent c) transform
28. Which type of plate boundary tends to produce large, shallow earthquakes?
a) convergent b) divergent c) transform
29. Which type of seismic waves cannot travel through a liquid?
a) P-waves b) S-waves
30. Which type of seismic waves are characterized by compressional forces?
a) P-waves b) S-waves
31. Which type of seismic waves provide us with evidence that the Earth’s core has molten material in it?
a) P-waves b) S-waves
32. Each increment of magnitude (e.g. from 1 to 2) is a factor of ____ times greater earthquake power on
the Richter scale.
a) 2 b) 10 c) 20 d) 30
e) 100
33. Earthquakes cause damage because of :
a) ground shaking b) tsunamis c) landslides
d) all of these
34. Which of these is an example of a divergent plate margin?
a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America
c) the mid-Atlantic ridge
35. Which of these is an example of a convergent plate margin?
a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America
c) the mid-Atlantic ridge
36. Which of these is an example of a transform plate margin?
a) the San Andreas fault b) the western margin of South America
c) the mid-Atlantic ridge
37. Alfred Wegeners idea of continental drift was based on what observations?
a) match of different fossils on the continents
b) match of rock types and mountain belts
c) match of glaciated areas
d) all of these
38. What is the evidence that new oceanic crust is created at, and moves away from, divergent plate
boundaries?
a) magnetic anomalies
b) isotopic dates on seafloor basalts c) GPS measurements
d) observations on Iceland
e) all of these
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39. Compared to the surrounding crust, the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is:
a) thinner and hotter
b) thicker and hotter
c) thinner and colder
d) thicker and colder
40. If two oceanic plates collide which one will subduct?
a) the younger and hotter one
b) the older and colder one
41. What does the Wadati-Benioff earthquake zone, which shows earthquakes down to ~600 km depth, tell
us?
a) location of continental rifts
b) location of divergent plate boundaries
c) location of subducting plates
d) location of transform plate boundaries
42. Mantle plumes are thought to originate at/in the:
a) base of the crust
b) core
c) deep mantle
43. The rate of motion of plates at, e.g. mid-ocean ridges and transform boundaries is:
a) several millimeters/year
b) several centimeters/year
c) several meters/year
d) several kilometers/year
44. Which of the following locations is where a mantle plume comes to the surface?
a) the west coast of South America
b) Japan
c) the east coast of North America
d) Hawaii
45. Which of the following convergent plate boundaries will produce the highest mountains?
a) oceanic-oceanic
b) oceanic-continent
c) continent-continent
46. Which of the following is thought to be the dominant driving force for the motion of plates on Earth?
a) slab pull in subduction zones b) ridge push at mid-ocean ridges c) mantle convection
47. Where will the largest and most dangerous volcanoes develop?
a) mid-ocean ridges b) transform plate boundaries c) over a subduction zone
48. The early stages of development of a divergent plate boundary might form a:
a) continental rift b) subduction zone c) transform boundary
49. Have we actually produced images of subducted plates moving down into the mantle?
a) yes b) no
50. The oceanic crust is made dominantly of what rock type?
a) granite b) diorite c) basalt
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