* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download endocrine system - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
Survey
Document related concepts
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Review PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE Nervous System vs. Endocrine System 3) Hormones travel more slowly than nerve impulses, the endocrine system tends to regulate slow processes such as growth and metabolism. Major Endocrine Organs Pineal gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine cells of the body contained in: 1. “Pure” endocrine organs Adrenal gland Major Endocrine Organs Endocrine cells of the body contained in: Hypothalamus Thymus Pancreas 2. “Partly” endocrine organs Gonads CLASSES OF HORMONES AMINO ACID-BASED Most hormones Proteins Modified amino acid peptides STEROIDS Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol Sex hormones Adrenal cortex hormones CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION 1. Humoral 2. Neural 3. Hormonal CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION 1. Humoral- influenced by plasma concentration of the substance. + Parathyroid gland Low Ca2 blood concentration Parathyroid gland Parathormone secretion Nephron, intestinal cells Action CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION 2. Neural- SNS stimulation Adrenal medulla Preganglionic SNS fibers Medulla of adrenal gland Adrenaline secretion Body Actions: “Fight, flight, or fright” response CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION 3. Hormonal-influenced by the amount of hormones in the plasma Releasing Hypothalamus hormones Releasing hormones Adenohypohysis Stimulating Hormones Thyroid gland Thyroxine Body Increase Metabolic rate Adrenal cortex Cortisol Gonads (Testis) Androgens Cortisol Androgens Anti-stress Sperm formation MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGAN PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY GLAND • Or, hypohysis • Secretes at least 9 major hormones • Location: > Hypophyseal fossa Depression in the Sella turcica of the Spenoid bone ANATOMY: PITUITARY GLAND infundibulum Anterior Pituitary Gland Adenohypophysis 1. Pars distalis 2. Pars intermedia 3. Pars tuberalis Adenohypophysis 1. Pars distalis Largest division Contains 5 different endocrine cells that make and secrete 7 different hormones Pars distalis 1. Somatotrophic cell (most abundant) 2. Mammotrophic cells 3. Thyrotrophic cells 5 CELL CLASSES: Growth Hormone (Somatotrophic Hormone / Somatotropin / GH) Growth of the entire body Prolactin (PRL) Breast milk production Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland stimulation to release thyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenal Cortex stimulation to release glucocorticoids 4. Corticotrophic cells 5. Gonadotrophic cells Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigment Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones Gonadotropins Leutenizing Hormone (LH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones Pars distalis Act directly on non-endocrine target tissues M P Growth Hormone (Somatotrophic Hormone / Somatotropin / GH) Growth of the entire body Prolactin (PRL) Breast milk production G Tropic Hormones Regulate the secretion of hormones by other Endocrine glands F L 5 CELL CLASSES: A T Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland stimulation to release thyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenal Cortex stimulation to release glucocorticoids Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigment Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones Leutenizing Hormone (LH) Gonads: maturation of sex cells; secretes sex hormones HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Controlled by RELEASING HORMONES and INHIBITING HORMONES Target cell Target cell Peripheral Endocrine gland Peripheral Endocrine gland Peripheral Endocrine gland HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM Hypothalamic neurons Releasing hormones are made in Hypothalamic neurons Releasing hormones are secreted at the neuron synapse Primary capillary complex To the primary capillary complex Releasing hormones goes to the Hypophyseal portal vein To the secondary capillary complex Releasing hormones leaves the plexus & Secondary Capillary attach to the adenohypophyseal cells complex Somatotropic Mammotropic Thyrotropic Corticotropic Gonatotropic Posterior Pituitary Gland Neurohypophysis 1. Median eminence 2. Infundibular stalk 3. Pars nervosa Median eminence Infundibular stalk Pars nervosa NEUROHYPOPHYSIS HORMONE PRODUCTION Hormone produced at neuron cell bodies located at the SUPRAOPTIC and PARAVENTRICULAR nuclei of the Hypothalamus Hormones are transported along the axons (Hypothalamic-hypophyseal Tract) Upon stimulation, stored hormones are released in the capillary bed for distribution throughout the body Hormones are stored in dilated axon terminals called HERRING BODIES ADH Oxytocin NEUROHYPOPHYSIS: Hormones CELL TYPE HORMONE TARGET/EFFECTS Neurons from supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) Neurons from paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus Oxytocin Stimulates kidneys (distal tubules and collecting tubules) to reclaim water from urine. Raises blood pressure by constricting peripheral arterioles when blood volume is low. Initiates labor through uterine contraction Facilitates milk ejection from breast MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGAN THYROID GLAND THYROID GLAND located in the anterior neck; on the trachea just inferior to the larynx PARATHYROID GLAND Located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland PARATHORMONE FUNCTION: Increase blood Calcium level ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA ADRENAL GLAND Balance electrolyte Concentration (Na+/K+) --Inc Na+ Reabsorption --Inc K+ excretion --Inc water reabsorption Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) Stress control Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) Produce sex hormone precursor (DHEA) ----Dehydroepiandrosterone--- ADRENAL MEDULLA: Hormones Simulate a “fight, fright, flight response” PANCREAS Other Endocrine Glands Pineal Gland • secretes melatonin • regulates circadian rhythms Thymus Gland • secretes thymosins • promotes development of certain lymphocytes • important in role of immunity Reproductive • ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone • testes produce testosterone • placenta produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropins END