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Transcript
Chapter 11 Review Multiple Choice 1. All of the following can be used as evidence to support Darwin's theory of evolution except the A. similarity of chemicals in all living things B. distribution of species on the planet today C. shapes and structures of living organisms D. distribution of mountain ranges on Earth's surface 2. Which statement is best supported by evidence from the fossil record? A. Most of the organisms that lived on Earth in the past are now extinct. B. The struggle for existence between organisms results in genetic changes. C. Species occupying the same habitat have identical environmental needs. D. Structures such as leg bones and wing bones come from the same embryonic tissue. 3. Over time, fossils can be formed when an orgamsm is A. buried in sediment; then its hard tissues are replaced by dissolved minerals B. buried in sediment; and then an impression of its soft tissues is formed C. preserved in soft mud or clay, with its bones and soft tissues all intact D. buried in mud; then its bones dissolve and its internal organs remain intact Base your answer to question 4 on the diagrams below, which show the forelimb bones of three different mammals. 4. For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they A. developed in the same environment B. have an identical genetic makeup C. developed from a common earlier species D. have identical methods of obtaining food 5. Suppose a scientist suggests that humans are distantly related to rabbits because the human appendix resembles the cecum of a rabbit. The scientist is probably using evidence from A. fossil remains B. embryology C. comparative anatomy D. comparative biochemistry 6. Two species that have only a small number of amino acid differences in the same protein probably A. are identical in their appearance B. share the same parent organisms C. are closely related in evolutionary terms D. are distantly related in evolutionary terms 7. A scientist using biochemistry to compare the evolutionary relationship between two organisms could analyze the similarities in their A. DNA base sequences B. embryo development C. homologous structures D. fossilized imprints 8. After the Industrial Revolution in England, many trees became covered with dark soot. It was noticed that the number of light-colored peppered moths decreased, while the number of dark-colored peppered moths increased. How can this be explained in terms of natural selection? A. The dark-colored moths chased the lightcolored moths away from the sootcovered trees. B. The light-colored moths changed their colors in order to blend in with the sootcovered trees. C. Light-colored moths had a genetic variation that gave them an advantage over dark-colored moths. D. Dark-colored moths had a genetic variation that gave them an advantage over light-colored moths. 9. Which change A. the B. the is an example of an evolutionary at the population level? development of legs on amphibians evolution of large brains in primates Chapter l L'Evidence for Evolution 149 C. the replacement of light-colored moths by dark-colored moths D. the appearance of the flowering plants group Analysis and Open Ended Base your answer to question 10 on the diagram below, which shows the evolutionary relationships of several living and extinct mammals. African elephant Asian elephant Dugong West Indian manatee Brazilian manatee West African manatee Past -------_JI Present Time 10. According to the diagram, which statement about the African elephant is correct? A. It is more closely related to the mammoth than it is to the manatees. B. It is not even remotely related to the Brazilian manatee or the mammoth. C. It is more closely related to the West Indian manatee than it is to the mastodon. D. It is the common ancestor of the dugong and the West African manatee. 14. Differences in the bone arrangements support the hypothesis that these animals A. are probably members of the same species B. have adaptations for different environments C. most likely have no ancestors in common D. all contain the same genetic information 15. Why would an "evolutionary bush" be a more accurate way to illustrate relationships among species than just a linear, or ladderlike, diagram? 16. The diagrams below show the bones in the forelimbs of a cat and a human. The similarities between these appendages suggest that humans and cats 11. Explain how a family tree can be used to show evolutionary relationships among orgamsms. 12. Describe two ways that fossils can form, and tell which parts of an organism are usually fossilized. Your answer should explain the following: (a) how fossils are formed through replacement by minerals; and (b) how fossil imprints or molds are formed. 13. Explain how studies of similarities in the biochemistry of proteins can be useful in determining evolutionary relationships among orgamsms. Use the following diagrams, which illustrate the forelimb bones of three different mammals, to answer question 14. 150 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test Human A. B. C. D. Cat have identical genetic material have the same direct ancestor once shared a common ancestor evolved in the same environment 17. Explain why the presence of a body structure with no current function can provide evidence of an evolutionary relationship. Give an example. 18. The following diagram represents a series of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers in a given area. Several layers show representative fossils of different organisms. Relative to those in the other layers, the oldest fossil would be found in the 21. As stated in the text, "sometimes evolution leads to the development of new adaptive features" within populations. Describe how such a change may eventually result in the development of a completely new species. Give either a real or an imagined example. 22. The three species shown below have similar enzymes, hormones, and proteins; this supports the idea that they share a common ancestor, based on their similar A. B. C. D. first layer, on the top third layer from the top fourth layer from the top fifth layer from the top 19. Refer to Figure 11-6, which shows the lightcolored and dark-colored peppered moths. Over time, depending on changes in the environment, the percentage of each color type in their population has varied. Are these changes in frequency due to natural selection, artificial selection, or acquired traits? Explain. 20. The diagrams below represent the embryos of three different vertebrate species. It is thought that they provide evidence of evolution based on their similar Turtle Chicken 40. ~ A. SIZeS B. fossils C. structures D. molecules ~ ~ Bighorn Sheep A. B. C. D. external structures biochemistry feeding habits behavioral patterns 23. The best title for the chart below would be Title: Pig _ ~ ~ The fossil record A. B. C. D. Structural similarities Genetic similarities Evolutionary Pathways Evidence for Evolution Natural Selection Mutations in Evolution Chapter II/Evidence for Evolution 151 24. Use data from the diagram at right to explain why DNA nucleotide sequencing is important to the study of evolution. Kangaroo Rabbit Pig Donkey Horse Dog Monkey Human Reading Comprehension Base your answers to questions 25 to 27 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology. Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question. In 1987, a group of scientists thought they could use a better method to study human evolution. Instead of studying bits and pieces of fossil remains, they decided to study thegenescontained within the cells ofliving people. These genes, passed from generation to generation, have stored within them a history of our origins. The molecularbiologists decided to examine the DNA that is located in our cells' mitochondria. Unlik,edrdinary DNA-the genetic material in the nuclei of our cells that we get fromhothparents-mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in our cells comes only from our mother.{From one generation to the next, mtDNA never gets mixed with the DNA intheg~nes we get from our father. Tneresearchers collected mtDNA from women living in many parts of the world. By studying the similarities and differences in mtDNA among these women, the re'" searchers were able to look backin time to study the origins of human history. Their startling conclusion was that the molecular evidence indicated that all humans alive todtlyarethe descendants of a single female who lived in Africa about 200,000 years agQ.$oIIlepeople began to call this person "Mitochondrial Eve." Since 1987, scientists have disagreed widely on the results. Some scientists claim thatthecomputer program the researchers used for their analysis was not used correctly. Others think that Mitochondrial Eve lived only 150,000 years ago. Still other scientists point to evidence showing that modern humans may have evolved much earlier-and inseveral.parts of the world, not only in Africa. In2001, researchers determined that mtDNA from a human fossil found years earlier in Mungo, Australia, showed no linkage to any humans living today. Therefore, "Mungo Man," as the fossil is called, could not have descended from Mitochondrial Eve. "Put the gloves on, Mitochondrial Eve, because Mungo Man has stepped into the ring," began an article on the topic, showing how the debate on our origins continues. This kind of open discussion is what science is all about-· questions are asked, answered, and then, when more evidence is found, even more questions arise. For now, the answer to this question about our ancestry remains undecided, although the "Out of Africa" model is still the most popular. 25. How is mitochondrial DNA different from the ordinary DNA found in cell nuclei? 26. Compare how these scientists used mitochondrial DNA with the way other scientists have used fossils. 27. Scientific research often produces some answers and then even more questions. How is this true about the Mungo Man and Mitochondrial Eve research? 152 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test