Download 101e The T`vvo 1`~rts of a Sentence, The sentence is

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In the newspaper an FBI agent had a shootout with a smuggler, he died from his wounds.
Buzzing around the ceiling, Joyce found the fly was disturbing her concentration and couldn't tolerate it.
As a household pet, I think a Doberman is a poor choice around children, because they attack and bite when annoyed.
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Can you tell what is wrong with each of these sentences? Well-intentioned adults too often write sentences like these, thinl~ing
them clear and correct. Without an understanding of the basic grammar of the English sentence, we can easily fall into such
pitfalls of language. Part 1 of English Simplified explains essential grammar concisely, in the most common terms, to help you
create sentences that are nat only correct but clear and effective.
101e The T'vvo 1'~rts of a Sentence, The sentence is
our basic unit of spoken ar written thought:
The mayar dedicated a new bridge yesterday.
How long did she speak?
What an unpressive stiuct~ue it is!
(A written sentence always begins with a capital letter and
ends with a period [.], question mark [?], or exclamation
point [!].)
A sentence expresses a complete thought. To do so, it
must have two parts: subject and verb.
101A, Ttae Subject, The subject names the topic of the sentence. It tells what the sentence is talking about. The subject
may be one or more persons, things, places, or ideas—such
as girl, Sally Sanders, mayor, computer, mountains, Pans,
despair yocy she, it.
Note: Girl and the other words just above are called nouns-except you, she, and it, which are pronouns. Section 104, page 3,
tells more about these kinds of words.
Note: Only the most common kind of sentence, the kind that
tells something, is shown here. In section 103A you will meet
sentences that ask, command, and exclaim. For simplicity,
most sentence discussions in this book will deal with sentences
that tell someChing (declarative sentences).
101~> Tlae Verb. The verb asserts something about the subject;
mostly, it tells what the subject does (or did, or will do),
such as cheer rise, walk, dedicate, recognize, go, gather:
/
Verb
A crowd gathered. [Sentence is telling what
the crowd did.]
A noisy, happy crowd gathered around the victors
yesterday. [still telling what the crowd didJ
Persuasive commercials on television increased sales of
our product. [telling what the commercials didJ
My father's old diploma from State College still hangs on
our living-room wall. [telling what the diploma does]
You may see the personnel director now. [telling what
you may do]
Another name for the verb is the predicate. The verb and
any surrounding words that relate to it make up together
the complete predicate:
Verb (predicate)(in bold)
Subject(in bold type)
Acrowd gathered.[Sentence is talking about a c~~owd.]
A noisy, happy crowd gathered around the victors
yesterday. [still talking about a crowd)
Persuasive commercials on television increased sales of
our product. [talking about commercials]
My Father's old diploma from State College still hangs on
our living-room wall. [talking about a diploma.]
You inay see the personnel director now. [talking
about you]
The subject word and any surrounding words that relate to
it make up together the complete subject:
subject(in bold=
I~'amplete subfect (iit box)
A noisy, happy crowd gathered around the victors
yesterday.
Persuasive coflnmereials on television increased sales
of our product.
My fatheias old diploma from State College still hangs on
our living-room wall.
~'ou may see the personnel directar now.
Complete predicate (in Uox)
A noisy, happy crowd gathered around the victors
yesterday.
Persuasive commercials on television increased. sales of
our product.
father's old di loma from State College still hangs on
our livingroom wall .
You may see the personnel director now .
Note: Verbs of being. A few verbs assert being instead of doing:
is, am, are, was, been, seem....
Abby's new car is a hybrid.[Here the car is not doing
anythinb, rather it is being something.]
Such verbs, called linking verbs, are explained in section
ll4C (page 7).
Completers of the verb. Some verbs need other words (in
the complete predicate) to complete their meaning:
Several freshmen staged ... [Staged what? Meaning is not
complete.]
Several freshmen staged a protest.[Staged what Protest
(completer).]
OLu favorite movie star is ... [Is who? Meaning is not
complete.]
Our favorite movie star is I03a~ I)anaon. [Is who? Matt
Damon (completer).]
103
~ '_
103Ao ~y Purpose
Section ll2, page 5, explains subjects and verb completers;
section 105, page 3, and sections 113-118, pages 6-13,
explain verbs.
IVoCe: Many sentence parts may be co~rapound; that is, they
may have two or more elements joined by nnd, or, or but:
Coreapo2~ncl subjeetr Both mesa and women reside at
this college.
~a~epo2encl verb: This college ea~oi~s and ~~aduates
students from diverse backgrounds.
G'ompoaaaacl coanpdete jia^ec~ac~te: Snidents at this college
study ward for tiaeir degrees but also enjoy a iivefly
soeiai lie.
1 2a TY►e Sentence ~tter~lm Subject, verb, and any verb
completers usually appear in a fixed order, or pattern:
S V (C) (C). This means that the subject [S] comes
first, then the verb [V], then—perhaps—one or two verb
completers [C]:
v
s
The nation's leaders assembled hun-iedly.
DecPccr~etave (a statement): The plane is leaping on time.~~~'
Interrogative (a question): Is the plane leaving on time?
Imjiercttave (a command or request): Board the plane
now. Be alert. [You is understood to be the subject.]
Exclamcetory (an expression of emotion, often beginning
with how or zuhctt): What a clear night for flying! How
smooth this flight is!
103 0 y Structure. A clause is one unit of complete subject
-I- complete predicate. Each sentence you have studied so
far has just one clause:
Severalfreshmen staged a protest.
Noisy, happy c~°ozods gathered around the victors
yesterday.
Such aone-clause sentence is called a sflmple sea►tenee.
A sentence joining two ar more simple-sentence clauses is
called a compound sentence, Below, each clause is boxed:
Severalfreshmen staged a protest, but most students
ignored it .
Some,freshmen distributed leaflets, others picketed the
office , and many planned a ally .
A sentence with one or more clauses dependent on a main
clause is called a corpaplex sentence:
DepenslercC clause
V
S
(reot cr coaaejsdete thoaa~7~e by itself—
Retail prices of consumer goods often rise before the
holidays.
S
et~c~s
ays o C~~ssiyi
maast be jmiaaecP to mseire clause)
IVlcaz~n (incPejaenclerat) c7caadse
C
V
Severalfreshmen staged a protest when the dean
suspe~zded Max .
Others distributed leaflets that the protesters had writte
Students in English 101 write aten-page paper.
c
v c
s
headache.
~l
her
gave
sheet
the
from
Noises
from Afghanistan.
vti7
ecl
ust ar
My b~~othe~~ has
This usual order is altered in
s
c
rv~
1Vlost sy~aestions: What did they see. [~ 77~ey did see what.]
sv
~3~ay excfla~tions: Such afoolI wall[-3 I was such
Note: A sentence combining a compound and a complex sentence is called a compouaad-complex sentence:
Severalfreshmen staged a protest ,and others dish°ibuted
leaflets that the protesters had written .
For a fuller explanation of clauses, see section 125, page 20.
~'or resources to help yoac master this section's Copies,
log in to www.mywritinglab.com and select Saebjects
ce,zd ~~rbsfrom the dist ofsubtopics."
c
afool.]
Sentenees saaclg as these:
s
~v-
I
i ~:
Never hctcl we seen such chaos.[~ We hctd never seen
such chaos.]
~
v
There we~~e no seats anywhere. [-~ No seats were
anywhere.]
~i~" c a,
e ~
..
Traditional English grammar divides all words into eight
parts of speeeh according to how each word functions in its
sentence:
1\Touns and p~onouais name things.
~erlbs assert (express doing or being).
~~
~7:'L'?.ii°si;
lv..i_'l~Il.
11~r~,
t~djectives and adverbs modify (describe or limit).
Coreju~ctgons and pa~e~o~itions connect.
Inteajections exclaim.
To write effectively, you need to understand these parts of
speech and how they relate to one another.
,.'~
.,f
:;'1,1'.~'~9. ', ;ii'
~~'~
lOba f~C~j~~~1V~s ~11C~ 1~t1V~i~~3~m
~Y°Cls ~ll~t ~Cllfym
To modify means "to change" A modifying word changes or
clarifies our concept of another word.
106A. Adjectives. An adjective modifies a noun (or occasionally apronoun). It describes that noun or limits its meaning.
Descriptive adjectives tell vvliat kind of.•
1040 1~~~~ra~. A noun is a word that names a person, place, or
thing (including a quality or idea):
person: author, cousin, Rachel Perez, vice president
Place: island, Hawaii, firehouse, closet, Elm SCreet
77~ing: wrench, oatmeal, building, zebra, Sphinx
Qaactlity or icle~a: love, height, liberty, motion,
cleverness
See 111-112, page 5,for details about noLins.
104~a Pr~noain~> A pronoun takes the place of (stands for) a
noun. That noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.
Below, an arrow points from the pronoun to its antecedent:
Rora brought a friend with leer to the rally.
When the t~•ees turn
leaf-peepers.
1
troc~, Ivey bring out hordes of
Pronouns include such words as I, me, myself, we, you, he,
his, she, it, them, who, this, everyone, all.
See 121-123, pages 15-19, for details about pronouns.
lOS. Ver sa Words That Express Doing or ~ein~o
A verb asserts something about the subject of a sentence.
An action verb tells what the subject does, did, or will
do. A lar►g verb tells that the subject is, was, or will be
something.
Elction: Antonia plays her guitar at the cafe Friday nights.
[tells what the subject, Antonia, does]
Laazking: Antonia is a skilled guitarist. [tells that the subject is something]
Some verbs contain two or more words: a main verb preceded by one or more auxil~~ry (helping) verbsc
flacxaliary ve~rds(s) (in italics) ~blctira verb (in bold)
Antonia has played tl~r a year.
She will soon be Heaving for graduate school.
Note: A verb of more than one word is sometimes referred to
as a verb phrase.
See 113-118, pages 6-13, for details about verbs.
~-
Note; Besides asserting (in a declarative or exclamatory sentence), a verb can also ask (in an interrogative sentence) or
command or regticest(in an imperative sentence).
bumpy road [what kind of toad?]
energetic teenagers [what kind of teenagers?]
incredible courage [what kind of courage?]
long, bo~~ing speech [what kind of speech?]
Limiting ad,~ectives (sometimes called determiners) tell
which one(s), how many, or how much. There are several
kinds of limiting adjectives:
Possessive: my auto, her grades, their policy [tells which
auto, bales, policy]
I)eanonsgrative: this auto, those grades, that policy
Iaacle,faaaite: cz~2y auto, either grade, nza~zy policies
Interrogative; which auto? iohose grades? iohat policy?
11Tuanea^ical; one auto, two grades, third policy
14a^ticles: an auto, the grades, a policy
As these examples show, an adjective usually appears
directly before the noun it modifies. A descriptive adjective
can appear also after a linl~ing verb (as a verb completer
describing the subject):
~
v
c
This notice is uncleaa~. [Unclear describes the subject,
notice.]
The information seemed reliable.
106 . adverbs, An adverb usually modifies a verb. It describes
hovv, when, where, or to what degree the action of a verb is
done. There are several lands of adverbs:
IVlanner: Kayla practices ~inte~zsely. [practices how?]
~"iyaae: Kayla practiced yesteazlc~y. [practiced when?]
Plcsce; Kayla practices eve~yiohere. [practices where?]
73egree: Kayla pracrices excessively. [practices to what
extent or degree?]
Note: An adverb phrase or clause can also describe why: Kayla
practices to maize the team. (Secrions 124-125, page 19, explain
phrases and clauses.)
Some adverbs can modify an adjective or another adverb.
Such adverbs are called adverbs of degree (or intensi#~er°~
or qualifiers):
Kayla practices quite vigorously. [vigorously to what
degree? how vigorously?]
Kayla enjoys very vigorous workouts.[how vigorous?]
Note: Special kinds of adverbs include conjunetive adverbs
(see 210B, page 36), sentience adaerbs (see 201B, page 31),
and relative ad~~erb~ (see 125B, page 20).
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10'7Aa Con~unctionso A conjLu~ction joins other words or
word groLips. There are two main kinds of conjunctions:
A coordinating con,~eanction (afid, but, or, nor, for, yet,
so)joins words or word groups of the same kind and same
importance:
9~ords: Pam and George
fiord groups (j~ha^ase~): in the kitchen c~nd on the back
porch
T~ord groups(clauses): They cooked in the kitchen, but
they ate on the back porch.
5.~~
~0~ ~ ~~"~ ~>~~~~~~~~~ A preposition is a connecting word (such
as in, on, of, foY or into) showing how the noun that follows it is related to another part of the sentence:
x~~~
~~~~os8~a~~~
Snow fell oaa the old hcici se.
The family stayed in the old house.
Wind whistled through the old house.
Weeds grew around the old house.
Each preposition above shows a different relation between
the noun house and the action of the sentence. Other common prepositions are
about
above
against
among
as
as well as
at
because of
before
behind
below
beneath
Note: Acid, but, or, or nor may be Wised with other words to form
a correlative conjuaac4ion: not only... but also; (n)either.. .
(n)or; bot12 ... and.'
Both Pam and George like biked eggplant.
Neithe~~ Pam nor George likes fried food.
See 402C,page 52, on using so. See 124-125,pages 19-21,
for definitions ofphrase and clause.
A subo~clinating conjuaaction (if, because, although,
when, unless, and others)joins a dependent (subordinate)
clause to an independent(main)clause. The subordinating
conjunction begins the dependent clause: if her cell phone
is on; beeause her cell phone tivas off:
provided
since
so that
than
(al)though
until
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
while
For more on objects of prepositions, see 112C, page 6.
Note: The word to followed by a verb (we tried to talk Co her)
is not a prepositional phrase; it is called an infinitive. You will
learn about infinitives in section ll7A, page 12.
Prepositions of Time, Place, and Travel ~=~t
Time
Place
1Vleans of gavel
at
cz specific moment: a particular spot:
at home; at work
at 9:45
at the store
at noon
at Fifth and Main
at the end
on
a day or date:
on Monday
on May 5
the top or surface of.•
on Main Street
on the roof
on Long Island
on the ocean
on a bicycle
on a bus
on a ship
on a plane
on a train
in
a period oftime:
in a week
in 2012
(within) an area:
in jail; in bed
in her office
in Iowa
in a car
in a carriage
in a canoe
See 125A, B, page 20; 128D, page 24; and 129, page 26,
for more on dependent (subordinate) clauses.
Note: Other kinds of words that join clauses are relative ~aronauns (who, which ...—see 125B, page 20) and eonjeanctive
adverbs (therefore, however ...—see 210B, page 36).
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
The diplomat ms et at the White H uo se .
Freshmen with financial problems should go to her .
Other common subordinating conjunctions are
after
as (if)
as soon as
as though
before
in order that
instead of
like
near
next Co
off
onto
out (off
outside
past
since
throughout
to
ObjecE o~prrej~. (in atRtics)
Pr~ositaoaa <in bold)
Caution: Writing a dependent clause alone, as if it were a
complete sentence, is a serious error, called afragment:
Section 129A, page 26, explains how to avoid fragments.
beside
besides
between
by
despite
down
during
except
from
in addition to
in front of
inside
The whole word group, from the preposition to the following noun, is called a prepositional phrase (boxed
in examples below). The noun (or pronoun) is called the
objeet of the preposition:
We can inform her i,f her cell phone tis o~2.
If her cell phone is on, we can inform her.
She never found out becaaese her cellphone was off.
~ecccu~e her cellphone was off, she never found out.
W69en the ~°ope b~~oke, I fe11. I fell when the rope b~°oke.
6~rong: Your absence will be excused. ~,~'you sub~~zit a
doctor's note.
Right: Your absence will be excused ifyou submit a
doctor's note.
1~'9:~'('1'd: ;~ ,_it'1~~'~~:~'
~"
1m YI~~~°j~~~~~11s:
~~'Cl~ `'~ ~
g Unlike
the other kinds of words, an interjection has no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence:
IVlilcl interjection (punctuated with corrnna): Oh, I don't
care. Well, Dr. Lopez might know.
Strom anterjectaon (punctuated with exclamation
point): Rats.i He's cheated us. L~ow.i It's snoring.
You have already met clauses in section 103B and prepositional phrases in 107B; you will learn more about
phrases and clauses in 124 and 125, pages 19-21.
~~~ ~~~soze~ces to deelp you Master' this section's topics,
leg $~ ~~ www.a~aywritir2glab.coan ar2d select ~'he I'a~~ts
~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~,~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~.~~
the disc o
f
szsbtopics.
109 A
Ord as iff~re t
r~~ o ~'~~~
~ we label
each word by what it does in a particular sentence: if it
names something, it is a noun; if it describes a noun, it is
an adjective, and so forth:
1~Ia~an: Tl~e display was colorful.
T~ea^b: Display your passport.
Note: A word's posirion in a sentence or a word's ending is ofCen
(though not always) a clue to its part of speech. For example:
A word following a limiting adjective (my, tl~.is ...)is
likely to be a Wolin: m~~ brother, this t~s~ (another adjecti~
may come between them: this impossible Qest).
A word following an auxiliary verb is likely Co be a verb:
has grown, might have been enjurerl (an adverb may
come between: might have been severely injaarecl).
A word with an -ly ending is likely to be an adverb:
slowly, awkwardly, inexorably.
A word endi~~g in -tion, -ity, -ness, -anent., -hood, or -cy is
usually a noun: condition, equality, happiness, argument,
statehood, policy.
A word ending in -ify or -ize is probably a verb: identifj;
harmonize.
A word ending in -al, -ous, -fu~l, or -less is probably an
adjective: choral, joyous, hopeful, hopeless'.
11 a A Word C~~~°o
~s
art ~f
~
'~ '
Recall that norms name persons, places, or things.
IVo~n: The light flickered out.
i~erb; They light a fire every evening.
fl~jective: We could feel a light breeze.
m
~ ,
~~~1~~ A group of
words(a phrase or clause)can act as a single word:
Noun:
Phrase or clause acting as noun.
His answer surprised
everyone.
His accepting the blaayae
surprised everyone.
What he told us sLuprised
everyone.
Adjective (describing
cathedral):
We visited an ancaent
cathedral.
I'hrcese or clause acting as
adjective:
We visited a cathedral built
in 1102.
We visited a cathedral that
the liTorarflans bufilt.
.4clve~b (modifying
ran):
She ran desperately.
Phrase or clause acting as
adverb:
She ran in desperation,
She ran as if tigers were
chasing her.
lllm '11~
ways:
i
s cif I110 1~s~ Norms are classified in several
111E3m Sin~til~r ~~° l~aiala A singular noun names one person, place, ar thing: actor, island, snowshoe, mouse,
Elmer. A plural noun names two or more persons, places,
or things: actors, islands, snowshoes, mice. Most singular
nouns become plural by the addition of -s. See 312, page
48, for rules on forming plurals.
ll~ e C~i~n~~n ~r Proper, A eommon noun names one or
more members of a class of things: actor, actors, island,
n2ouse, auditoricam. A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing: Meryl Streep, Catalina Island, Mickey
Moa~se, Carnegie Hall.
lll~o ~~~aciete oa° A~strast. A eonerete noun names an object
that can be perceived by the senses: actor, Meryl Streep,
rrcice, opera, odor; wind. An abstraet noun names a quality
or idea: liberty, sadness, mnbition, love, tragedy, Height.
llle Coll~c~ve. A caliectiee noun names a group of things:
jury, team,floclz committee, army.
l~lE. Count ~r l~Tonc~u~te See 120B, page 15.
1~2a `I'1Il~ LT~~S ~
01~5a Recall the basic sentence pattern you learned in section 102: 5 V (C)(C). That is, each
sentence has a subject, a verb, and perhaps one or two
verb completeYs. Nouns serve as subjects and completers
and do several other jobs as well.
1~2Aa Tl~~ Subject of a Se~ate~~. Recall that the sulbjec~
names the person or thing that the sentence is tallcing
about. The subject is the noun (or pronoun) that tells who
ar what is doing or being something:
su.~j~~z
a~e~-t~
Scaenta~ts studied the newly found virus.[Who studied?]
This via~us was infecting forest deer. [What was
infecting?]
Last month Drs. Katz and Jacl~~on had isolated flee
~~iilis. [Who had isolated? (compound subject))
Their brilliant work made them famous around the
warld.[What made?]
112A A ~I~rb ~o }~l~tera 'This is a word (in the complete predicate) that completes the meaning of the verb. (IeTot all verbs
have completers.) There are four kinds of verb completers:
direct object
subject complement
indirect object
object complement
A direet object is a noun (or pronoun) needed to complete
the meaning of some action verbs. It answers whom or
what after the verb; that is, it tells who or what is receiving
the verb's action:
Sac&jest
Yerb
direct ob~eet
Scientists studied the newly Found virus. [studied what?]
The Medical Society commenclecl I9rs. I£atz and Jaeksoa~.
[commended whom?]
Around the world, environmentalists praised their brilliant
work.[praised what?]
An indirect object is a noun (or pronoun)that may follow
certain action verbs. It tells to (or for) whom or what the
action of the verb is done. It ordinarily precedes the direct
object:
6~et^b
dndirect o&j.
dSirect o~j.
~
i
~
i
Love-smitten Home~~ sent lOZyrtle twelve ~~oses. [sent to
whom?]
The builders gave the house a slate roof, [gave to what?]
Party woakers slid the mayor a favor: [did for whom?]
Our local theater groz~p gave the United Fund a benefit
performance. [gave for what]
A subject corr►plement is a noun (or pronoun) that follows clinking verb. It renames or explains the subject:
Subject
Trer~i
Subjecd comp.
i
/
Amelia Pagan ~s ot~r class president.[Amelia Pagan = presldent. President is anod7er name or title for Amelia Pagan.]
A neophyte is a beginner. [Neophyte =beginner: Beginner°
explains what neophyte is.]
Note: A subject complement can also be an adjecrive: Amelia
Pagan is extremely competent.
For more on linking verbs and subject complements, see 114C.
An object complement is a noun that may follow a direct
object to rename or explain it:
Saebjeet
herb
Dir. obj.
Ms. Roy met with her pub~lfle~ . [with whom?]
Stores in town stniggle against new ra~a9ls . [in whaL~
against what?]
See 107 B, page 4,for more on prepositions.
112d)a ~n appositive is a second noun that renames or further
identifies a nearby first noun:
~'z~rscfla.oaa~r.
Aj~jsos~ezave
Amelia Pczgctn, the new ~Sresiclent, has grand plans for
our class. [President is another name or title for An2elia
Pagan. It is an appositive (or in apposition) to Amelia
Pagan.]
First s~.oaege
For more on direct objects, see ll4A.
Sudaject
112Ca ~n Object ~~° ~ ~t°ep~~it~a~~a is a noun (or pronoun)
that ends a prepositional phrase and answers the question
whom or what after the preposition:
Object comp.
The class elected Anaelict Pagan president. [Amelia Pagan
= president. Preside~zt is another name or title for Amelia
Pagan.]
Opponents consider° her election a mistake. [Electio~z =
mistake.]
The object complement occurs most commonly with such
verbs as call, Warne, designate, elect, consider, appoint, think.
Note: An object complement can also be an adjective:
Opponents called her election unfortunate.
~cesitiv~
We bought a new cap°, ~ Ford.
The hotel dley booked, the Co~aeaodope, proved too
expensive.
They were forced to stay at the Pua~le Palace, the one
ryaotel they were trying to avoid.
For punctuation of appositives, see 201F, page 32.
112E. Direct Ac~dressa A noun (or pronoun)in Barest ad€la~ess
names the person being spoken to:
1Vouaa: Celia, the dean wants to see you.
Pronoun: Come over here, you!
~'or resources to help you master this section's topics,
log in to www.rvaywritinglab.com and select Nouns
frown Phe list ofsubtopics.
The verb is the core of every sentence. Without a verb, a group
of words is only a sentence fragment, not a complete sentence.
Recall that a verb asserts something about its subject—that is,
it tells what the subject does (did, will do) or that the subject is
(was, will be) something:
My car rattfles. [What does the car do?]
The Senate voted. the blll into law.[What did the Senate do?]
The local volcanoes were frequently spewing lava. [What
were the volcanoes doing?]
Fred is Clarissa's new boyfriend. [Fred is being the
boyfriend.]
What did. d~ey argaie about? [What did they do? An
interrogative sentence asks rather than tells.]
Fi~ad me~a seat in the fronC row, please. [In an imper~ltive
sentence, the subject is understood to be you:(You)find.
me a seat.]
For a review of the kinds of verbs, see 105, page 3.